Space. A History PDF
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S L A d H F O N O O M Space V I N V ( feheures.e4 M A U O N V Y P p y Space / \ “OXFORD PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTS = AnySZ2 i 2 _ OXFORDPHILOSOPHICALCONCEPTS OXFORD PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTS ee ChristiaMercer, ColumbiaUniversity SeriesEditor PUBLISHED IN THE OXFORD PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTSSERIES Embodiment EfficientCausation Space EditedbyJustinE.H.Smith EditedbyTadSchmaltz Dignity Sympathy EditedbyRemyDebes EditedbyEricSchliesser A HISTORY . Animals TheFaculties ay EditedbyDominikPerler EditedbyG.FayEdwardsandPeter Adamson Memory EditedbyAndrewJaniak EditedbyDmitriNikulin Pleasure EditedbyLisaShapiro MoralMotivation EditedbyIakovosVasiliou Health EditedbyPeterAdamson Eternity Evil EditedbyYitzhakMelamed EditedbyAndrewChignell SelfKnowledge Persons EditedbyUrsulaRenz EditedbyAntoniaLoLordo FORTHCOMING IN THE OXFORD PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTSSERIES TheSelf Powers EditedbyJuliaJorati EditedbyPatriciaKitcher Human Modality EditedbyYitzhakMelamed EditedbyKarolinaHubner TheWorld-Soul Love EditedbyJamesWilberding EditedbyRyanHanley OXFORD UNIVERSITYPRESS OXFORD UNIVERSITYPRESS OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.Itfurthers Contents theUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,andeducation bypublishingworldwide,OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversity PressintheUKandcertainothercountries. PublishedintheUnitedStates‘ofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica. ©OxfordUniversityPress2020 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin priaorretpreiremviaslssiyosnteimn,wroirttirnagnosmfiOtxtfedo,rdinUanniyvefrosritmyorPbreyss,aonyasmeaexnpsr,eswsiltyhpoeurtmtihteted SERIES EDITOR'S FOREWORD VU aribbgoyhlvtaeswso,rhgobayulnliidzcaebetnsiseoenn,.totIrnoquuntidhreeireRtsiecgrohmntcsseDaregnpriaenregtdrmweeipntrtho,dtuOhcxetfaioporpnrdoouUptnrsiiivadeterestrihetepyrsPocrdoeuspsce,toiafotntthhee ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES IX addressabove. CONTRIBUTORS XI Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer. Introduction 1 CIPdataisonfileattheLibraryofCongress ANDREWJANIAK ISBN978-0-19-991412-8(pbk.) ISBN978-0-19-991410-4(hbk.) 1. SpaceinAncientTithes: FromtheBeginningtoAristotle 11 1337986 42 BARBARA SATTLER PaperbackprintedbyMarquis,Canada HardbackprintedbyBridgeportNationalBindery,Inc.,UnitedStatesofAmerica Reflection: BodySpace/CitySpace:VeilingasanEmbodied SpatialPractice 52 Kul. 43593 BANU GOKARIKSEL 2. ImagineaPlace: GeometricalandPhysicalSpaceinProclus 63 MARIJE MARTIN Reflection:AntsinSpace 98 NICOLE E, HELLER 3. ConceptsofSpaceintheFourteenthCentury:WorksofNicoleOresme ~ andSelectedEarlierWorkforComparison 104 Eb EDITH DUDLEYSYLLA BIB GAN MULegven KARD C2RSUeaPLedd 2 emagg Leyes vi CONTENTS Reflection:Space,Vision, andFaith: LinearPerspectivein Renaissance ArtandArchitecture 176 MARI YOKO HARA Series Editor's Foreword 4. GeometryandVisualSpacefromAntiquitytotheEarlyModerns 184 GARY HATFIELD Reflection: SpaceforThought 223 JENNIFER GROH 5. Spacein theSeventeenth Century 230 ANDREWJANIAK OxfordPhilosophicalConcepts (OPC)offers aninnovativeapproach Reflection: Chemical Laboratoryand theCosmicSpace 270 to philosophy’s past andits relation to other disciplines. As a series, MI GYUNG KIM it is unique in exploring the transformations ofcentral philosophical concepts from theirancientsources to theirmodernuse. 6. Space in Kantian Idealism 280 OPChasseveralgoals: to makeit easier forhistorians to contextu- MICHAEL FRIEDMAN alize keyconcepts in the historyofphilosophy, to render that history Reflection:Non-Euclidean Geometry 306 accessibletoawideaudience,andtoenlivencontemporarydiscussions JEREMY GRAY by displaying the rich and varied sources ofphilosophical concepts stillinusetoday.Themeansto thesegoalsaresimpleenough: eminent Reflection:AMathematical Sculptor’s Perspectiveon Space 312 scholars come together to rethink a central concept in philosophy’s GEORGE HART past. Thepointofthis rethinkingis notto offer abroad overviewbut to identify problems the concept wasoriginally supposed to solve BIBLIOGRAPHY 319 and investigatehowapproachesto themshiftedovertime, sometimes radically. INDEX 341 Recentscholarshiphasmadeevidentthebenefitsofreexaminingthe standardnarratives aboutwesternphilosophy. OPC’seditorslookbe- yond the canon and explore their concepts over awidephilosophical landscape. Each volumetraces a notion fromits inception as a solu- tion to specific problems through its historical transformationsto its modernuse,all the while acknowledgingits historical context. Each OPC volumeis a history ofits concept in thatit tells a story about changing solutions to its well-defined problem. Many editors have viii SERIES EDITOR’S FOREWORD foundit appropriate to include long-ignoredwritings drawn fromthe Islamic andJewish traditions and the philosophical contributionsof women. Volumes also explore ideas drawn from Buddhist, Chinese, Indian, and otherphilosophical cultures when doingso adds‘an espe- Abbreviations and References ciallyhelpfulnewperspective.Bycombiningscholarlyinnovationwith focused and astute analysis, OPC encourages a deeper understanding ofourphilosophicalpastandpresent. One of the most innovative features of Oxford Philosophical Conceptsis its recognition that philosophy bears a rich relation to art, music, literature, religion, science, and other cultural practices. Theseriesspeaks totheneedforinformedinterdisciplinaryexchanges. AncientWorks Its editors assume that the most difficult and profound philosoph- ical ideas can be made comprehensible to a large audience and that DK =Fragmenteder Vorsokratiker. Edited by H. Diels andW. Kranz. materialsnotstrictlyphilosophicaloftenbearasignificantrelevanceto Berlin, 1951. philosophy.Tothisend,eachOPCvolumeincludesReflections.These are short stand-alone essays written by specialists in art, music, litera- Aristotle ture, theology, science, or cultural studies that reflect on the concept References toworksbyAristotleuseso-calledBekkernumbers,which from2 their own disciplinaryperspectives. The goaloftheseessays is to correspondto the pagination and line numbers ofBekker’s 1830 edi- enliven, enrich, and exemplify the volume’s> concept and reconsi.der tionofthetext.Thesewillbefoundinthemarginsofanyreliableedi- theboundarybetweenphilosophicalandextraphilosophicalmaterials. OPC’sReflectionsdisplaythebenefitsofusingphilosophicalconcepts tionortranslation. and distinctions in areas that are notstrictly philosophical and en- courage philosophers to move beyond the borders oftheir discipline Descartes aspresentlyconceived. AT= OcuvresdeDescartes,EditedbyCharlesAdamandPaulTannery. The volumes of OPC arrive at an auspicious moment. Many Paris: Vrin, 1996. philosophers are keen to invigorate the discipline. OPC aimsto pro- H = Treatise ofMan. Edited and translated by Thomas Steele Hall. vokephilosophical imaginations byuncoveringthebrillianttwistsand Cambrdige,MA:HarvardUniversityPress,1972.Thetitleofthisworkis unforeseen turnsofphilosophy’spast. moreusuallytranslatedas TreatiseonMan,andthatformisusedherein. ChristiaMercer GustaveM.BerneProfessorofPhilosophy O = Discourse on Method, Optics, Geometry and Meteorology. ColumbiaUniversityin theCityofNewYork Translated by PaulJ. Olscamp. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965. The title ofDescartes’sDioptrique is translated herein asDioptrics (as op- posedto Optics). x ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES ' Kant A/B:A= correspondsto thefirst-editionpaginationofKant,Critique of PureReason (1781); B = corresponds to the second-edition pagina- Contributors tion ofthe Critique (1787). References to all other texts in Kant’s corpusare to thevolumeand page numbers in the Akademie edition, Kantsgesammelte Schriften (Berlin, 1902—-). Plato References to works by Plato use so-called Stephanus numbers, which MICHAEL FRIEDMANisSuppesProfessorofPhilosophyofScienceatStanford correspondto thepaginationandlinenumbersofafamousRenaissance University and works on the history and philosophy ofscience fromthesix- editionofPlato’s texts that appeared in thelatesixteenth century. That teenth through the twentieth centuries. The authoror editorofeleven books editionused theletters a—e to split up sections ofthe text.Anyreliable andnumerousarticles, Friedmanisaleadingfigureinphilosophyofscience, in edition ortranslationwill include these numbers in the margins. thestudyofKant’sthought,andin the’interpretationoflogicalpositivismand itsaftermath.HisbooksincludeFoundationsofSpace-TimeTheories(Princeton, 1983),KantandtheExactSciences (Harvard, 1992), andKant’s Construction of Nature(Cambridge,2012). BANU GOKARIKSELisProfessorofGeographyandtheRoysterDistinguished ProfessorforGraduateEducationattheUniversityofNorthCarolina, Chapel Hill. The author ofnumerousarticles concerningwomen and society in the Islamic world, Gékariksel’s research has been funded by the National Science Foundationandhasbeencoveredwidelyintheinternationalpress,includingby NPRandLeMonde. JEREMYGRAYisEmeritusProfessorofMathematicsattheOpenUniversityin England. A leadingfigure in thehistoryofmodern mathematics, he is the au- thorofnumerouspapersandmanybooks,includingHenriPoincaré:AScientific Biography(Princeton,2012), TheHilbertChallenge(Oxford,2000),andIdeasof Space:Euclidean,Non-EuclideanandRelativistic(Oxford,1989). JENNIFER GROHis aprofessorofpsychologyand neuroscienceandofneuro- biologyat Duke University. Groh’s lab is fundedbytheNational Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation. She is the author ofnumerous xii CONTRIBUTORS CONTRIBUTORS xiii scientificpapers andofMakingSpace:How theBrainKnows Where ThingsAre She is also the author ofAffinity, That Elusive Dream: A Genealogy ofthe ChemicalRevolution (MIT Press, 2003) and The Imagined Empire: Balloon (Harvard, 2014). EntightenmentsinRevolutionaryEurope(Pittsburgh,2016). MARI YOKO HARAis aMellon Postdoctoral Fellowin arthistoryatColu.mbia University. The author ofseveral papers on Renaissance art history, sheinsecuer- MPhAiRlIoJsEophMyAaRtTVIriNje iUsnitvheersCit.eiJ.t dAemsVtoegredlamP.roTfehsesoarutohforAnocfiennutmearnodusPaptaripsetrisc rentlywritinga bookabout Baldassare Peruzzii andtheartofpaiinntteerr--aarrchitec on ancient mathematics, science, andphilosophy, Martijnis also the authorof insixteenth-centuryItaly. -ProclusonNature(Brill,2010). CGoElOuRmGbEiaHUAniRvTerstiatuyghatndenSgtionneyerBirnogokanUdnicveormspiutyt.erHesicsiienncoewfaoremanyeyeearseat SBtA.RABnAdrReAwsM.inSAScToTtLlEaRndi,shaavsiennigorplreecvitouurselryitnaupghhitloastoYpahlyeaUtntihveerUsniitvyerasnidtythoef ematicalsculptor,with sculptures currentlyon diissppllaayatuniveersitoiesaerou.ana University ofIllinois at Urbana-Champaign, She is the author ofnumerous United States. He is also the author ofmany papers and of Msalti articles concerning science and philosophy in antiquity, includingpapers on Analysis:AlgebrasandSystems,forScienceandEngineering(Springet, 1995). Aristotle,Plato,Parmenides,andZeno.SheisalsotheauthorofThe Conceptof batPGhhonAeiodolRkrppYsieheeiosHlknooAhsymfTnoyoFppadheItyreEoc:rtLehnfpDetsiscUiocsinniei,etnvnhceaceerens,adAinwtdtdyihatpeomhhfipalhSPoieefslynooobncpsseuhyosryltp,vohanPyHnraioottaffhf.eeipseTshslioyhdsrceithsoi.oaarnuyoltBIeohynaof:dcrinlnolapg.refnci€oaegauuimrmteaoyrivnrK‘riaaxnnei.stteohre8yatl MU(EmoneCDitraIviomeTuobrsnHrsiaiirDtndtygUi,AecDnw,lLche2iEes0erY2ane0ntS)dsY.GhLtreLheAteeiakeusdgTihhtPtoorurohgifohseftts:sosefrovoyreuorEnafmdleasbrctoiiioeotknnascs,oeiSffnyoHlrillsomagtaionics,ryoyymneaeeattrNohsofo.rdtThtaehhnewdCoaarmruloatdlth’ihsoneralmSeoataftdainitcunes-g The Natural and the Normative: Theories ofSpatial EerecpiorJtoaphyef historiansfocusingonmedievalscience.Shehaswrittenonawiderangeoftopics Helmholtz(MIT, 1990) andPerceptionandCognition:Essaysin © stretchingfromthethirteenthto theeighteenthcenturyandhasdiscussedthe Psychology (Oxford, 2009). thought ofmanyprominenthistoricalfigures, includingJacob Bernoulli,John btNihIoeClCoOgaLircEnaelHgsEicLeiLeMEnuRcesisesfurmaoommfuStsNaeanutfutornradfleUlHnilisovitwevoerrarsynsiiidttnyhaeInidctutwrassabputrorgreh.ovfHioetulh.leselArynahtoGhlordoosgplaoecPefhenDleloiawnt Buridan,WilliamofOckham,andNicoleOresme. . forsciencecommunication. ANDREW JANIAK is Professor and Chair ofphilosophy at Duke nes where he is also a Bass fellow. Janiak is the author or editor offour i. . about Isaac Newton and modernphilosophy, includingNewton asPhilosople (Cambridge,2008)andNewton (Wiley-Blackwell,2015).Heisalsothecorleacet ofProjectVox,adigitalhumanitiesendeavordesignedtopromoteteachingan researchofneglectedphilosophicalworkbyearlymodernwomen. MI GYUNG KIM is aprofessor ofhistory at North Carolina State University: Aleadinghistorian ofchemistry, she is the authorofmanypapers concerning thehistoryofchemistryandtheplaceofsciencein theFrenchenlightenment. Introduction AndrewJaniak Space is ubiquitous. So are spatial concepts. Scholars in architecture, art history, mathematics, cosmology, ecology, neuroscience, sculp- ture, chemistry, and geography employ concepts ofspace and artic- ulate concepts with spatial components. It would be hopeless tolist them all, and equally fruitless to search for patterns among them,or for theircommon node. One needsaspecific focalpoint. Inourcase, thehistoryofphilosophy—andthewaysinwhichphilosophersindif- ferent eras have pondered space—is our focus. We will also consider some ofthe myriad intersections between philosophical discussions of space and treatments in other disciplines and enterprises. Some ofthese intersections are obvious: philosophers and scientists in the nineteenth century were deeply influenced by and played important roles in articulating the new non-Euclidean geometry developed by mathematicians like Bolyai and Lobachevsky. The intertwining of AndrewJaniak,IntroductionIn:Space.Editedby:AndrewJaniak,OxfordUniversityPress(2020).© OxfordUniversityPress, DOI:10.1093/080/9780199914104.003.0001 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 3 the history ofgeometry with the history ofphilosophical treatments with the failure to apply the same wise rule to other disciplines. For of space is intimate and obvious. Other intersections are less ob- instance,wemayinsist thatphilosophersin thefirsthalfoftheseven ovifoRues:naWiesrsaenecaerlpyermsopdecetrinvep?hiHloowsdopihdersthienfelmueerngceendcbeyotfhmeidcervoesclooppymaefn-t atenedntthhecenntfuorrygtertetaotetrdeastpaaccecdoimfpfaerneynitlnygfdreovmetlhoopsmeentinsitnh,esseacyo,ndehxalefr,i fect philosophical conceptions ofspace? Wewill emphasize someof mental technologywith the same historicalcare. Perhapsforobvi itohuesseercaosnnaencdtitohnrsoutghhroouurghshthoeretessssaayyss,onorp“hRielfolseocpthieornss’,ivniteewsrispnervsaerd- iircneaatlshloiynsssh,viiofttliiusnmgeesc.poenTcicoaelpaltyciioomnnpstoeormftpagonertoamfreoyrtrroeyuarddeuarrp,ipngrgoeaotcmhheetctropyorceihscsoigumnnpidozertrhaisnsattnodiryn throughout thevolume. Since ourvolumeis organized historicailnlya,popurrfoiarcshtintagsskpiascteo.aWveoiddoa tmhaisycsoenetmexotbvbieocauussetihatttjhusetaipsptrhoeacshcioeuntcleinoefdspiancEeu.clCiod’nscEolmeimceanntsdvaist aqtisawuhnstuhpnioaeeaitantruslcynonmltpeknt?fotirawauooOewomhnlbsrnmsbloouce,oyiupawsldptgeieoaloenurfnsshscreoaeopitlnucatsmthuhicsthheedertoemait.ohryy.nthiny—N!gispieiwotrsntaInoitegrhncrmivesyccachodtarafeltoplinoeahvlrllrdaweeetyla,tdresdotabwucwschrpppaiaeeiahopnsn.nicgaoshTkl:ebscauhioe?ihvmenDsteeegrDtioidreipjaodathoindbmhcpneioaeahrtntudtyishdhtlteitylvhowcsyhoeesoashrbrhrondooyooaecpouovwehpigkeetpseth—lhtraealfosstdcrsubiwoiiogmesninnmehegctc,vptelehoerepabnreastuaccrvbploteoiloafpnotguSytcisuutPasespialpAwndwaesttihiCircintagaoeqE-sght-f esntotstraephhhhedgrceaiieguldecpnairfsaegereitssnrrdsouacsc(ergtahiamaidglsieosnlelsndyaysJdettssetodertrsrtradeesnihigentmcepesahmdaaiaacralrtycudtrimevspscGeiEaseo,ndruirraricnaiiptblegooyrtauiuvdesentsdsadvom,aliticappssosartdpecuupoephuvspttsarsiieiocsdpolcroreeevotuenisrnisinipcedoido(tiespindoeni..hnsrrotegihnAhsISriinatnssPosdafdfAeuahnRoaleirwdCecnlsdefhtEytd,atlraoe)hhisrtcseimnyetsoba,eiwentumototmaEoenerhttusr)iuecw,hcictrlmoanoereilafuTedlbtohlacauewifaptodeacptmnnwsrstcseapaioamtnascatrtraleocuh.shmyic“f,f:etihBrsuihdtru"ettoesdhnnni|eboec0ideans.fl a Jonrusiesfoatipschoaainsncscaielim,rnpetsofeurrlctneahacnltatist,ootndh,piehdaicnlatolohnysecsyoiesppr,hteyagonaofrdrdadonsenp0beaasbcjteeaecr?@ti,ssIifaantpgsheifergrynsioodfnmii,dc,taahnwectaiottlsyoo,pgtoiyhc,artaomfdpapulhteahicelte--o? wdb“iiuhlstlecispaprelnoisnveeiqsduewalinltoyhtpworhneiclicyshea,phhihisiltsootrsoirocipachlaellrylsyprereniccgihasgececodonncicenepdptiitiaaiollonongvueofoefptthhhshirrloovuuggahhtoohuuytt: Matics, natural science, or elsewhere? In this sense, although our of- The OxfordPhilosophicalConceptsseriesincludesanovelelement ficialtitle is Space:AHistory, we might also embrace the alternative, it took centuries mentioned earlier: it enriches the chapters written on diff ora pace The Emergence ofa Concept. Unsurprisingly, in philosophical history with short essays called “Refl . ‘ong? hat or our modern SPACEto emerge, orperhaps for a single concept to tackle related developments in myriad other fields TheRefle . meTracingthatemergenceis ourjoint taskin thisvolume. in this volume fall into two broad categories.First “omeofchemare fomnnPorential anachronism, and attendant confusion,arises ceon historicalperspectiveforphilosophy, coupled easily paired with closely related philosophical essays. Because Gary nae’chapterconcernsphilosophicaltheoriesofvisionandoptics ee fom¢ eMiddleAgestomodernity,itisnicelypairedbothwithMari 1 Fbooltlhoswpiancgeciotsnevlefnatniidont,hethweord“specei?hereafterdenotedSPACE,therebydivsteinguishingitfrom Hara’sessayontheuseofperspectiveinRenaissancepaintingandwith
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