Soviet Politics 1917-1991 PDF
Preview Soviet Politics 1917-1991
SovPioelti tics 1917-1991 MarMyc Auley OXFORUDN IVERSIPTRYE SS 1992 OxforUndi versPir�eWaysl st,oS nt rOexefotor,xd 2 6DP OxforNde wY orTko ronto DelhBio mbCaaylc uMtatdar Kaasr achi PetaJlianySgai ngaHopnogKr oen Tgo kyo NairoDbaier sS alaaCma pTeo wn MelbouArnuec kland anads soccoimaptaeidnn ie s BerIblianda n Oxforisd tar amdea rokfO xforUndi versPrie�ss Publisihnte hdUe n iStteadt es byO xforUndi verPsr,ieNe tswys Yo rk © MaryM cAu1ley9 92 Allr igrhetsse Norv peadofr. tt hpiusb limcaabyte ri eopnr oduced, stoirnaer de trsyisetveoarmtl ,r ansimnai ntfoytr emod rb, ya nmye ans, electmreocnhiapcnh,io ctaolc,ro epcyoiordinrnog gt,,h en,;,wiisteh,o ut thperi opre rmisofs OixofonrUn di versPirteys s Thep aperebdaioctftki h obisno oissk o sldu btjote hcceto ndtihtiaisttoh nan llo t byw aoyft raodero therbwelis eern,et -,s hoildro,euo dtro therwise circwuilatthetodhpu eut b lishperric'soo rn isnean nfotyrm ofbi nding orc ovoetrht ehrat nhi anwt h iicithps u blaisnhwdei dt haso iumti lar condiintcilotunhd cisio nngd bietiiinmogpn o osnte hsdeu bsequent purchaser BritLisihb rCaatrya loignPu uibnlgi Dcaattai on Dataav ailable Librofa Cryo ngCraetsaslogi inPn ugb liDcaattai on McAuley,M ary. Sovpioelit1t 9i1c7s- M1a9ry9M 1cA1u ley. p.c m. /.S ovUineito n-Paonligdto ivcesrn ment-1I.9 T1i7t-l1e9.9 1. DK288.M14929 924 7.0849-dc22-075 17 ISBN0- /9--878066--4. ISB0-N1 9-87806(7p-b2k ) TypesebtyB Pl ntegLrtadpB.ha,itA chvs,o n Prinatnbedod u innd GreBarti tbya Biindd iLetsd ., GuiladnfoKdri dn Lgy'nsn Contents Introduction 1.1 91R7e:v olution 12 2.S tate-TBhLueel nlSidynlstinestgm : 24 3.l ndustrlCaollllzeacattnlitdovhS niet,z a alStltinaoltnse3,t 4 4.T error so 5.K hrushacnPhdae rtRvyu le 62 &.T hAed ministraStyistvueenm-dB Cerorem zmhanned7v 5 7.P erestroiakntadh E eno dPf a rtRyu le 89 8.D ispoePfrsao lw er 107 Cood�oo lW Chronology 124 FurthReera ding 172 Index 129 Introduction INJ anuaIr y9t hIRe u 7s sEimapni srter etfrcohmeV dl adivionst thoek easttoP olainntd h wee sfrto,m t hfreo zeAnr ctCiicr cdloew tno t he arilda nodfsC entrAasliA a .p opulaotfri oonu gh1l2y5m illiinon habittehdeh ugceo ntinae pnotp,u lationd omwihnoagsnreto u opf Slavcse,n trienRd u ssainadt heU kraihnaeds, p reoaudte asatn d southwtaoar ldplsa rotfts h Eem pirMeo.r teh aI0n 0 d ifferent nation alities-ArImnennuiiaGtnessr,,m anasn,dK azakthosn ,a meb uta few-livweidt hiitnbs o undaarnidei,snt ermosfr eligOirotnh,o dox Russiwaenrjseo inbeyMd u sliimnts h seo utLhu,t heraanndCs a tholics int hew estE.ig hpteyrc enotf t hep opulawteiropene asaanntds , illitBeyrt ahtteue r.on ft hcee ntuhroyw,e vaenrdc, e rtabiyJn alnyu ary 191i7n,d ushtardmy a diet asp peartahnreca ei;l whaaydss p retahde ir netwoarckr otshsce o untlrayri,gn ed uscternitaarlne dhs u gseh ipyards employbeodts hk ilalnedrd a wu nskillalbeodau nrd,m odertne ch nolowgayso peraatlionngg wshiedeel barTrhoecw osu.n twraysr uled byT saNri choIlIwa,hs o sber utaault ocrraetgiiwcma ess upporbtye d ana ristohcarpapcsiype era kFirnegn tchha Rnu ssibaytn h,ae r mwyi th itssm aorffitc ecro rpasn,db yt hReu ssOiratn hoCdhouxr cRhu.lw ea s carroiuettdh routghshet abtuer eauccreanctiyrn eS dtP eterstbhuer g, capiotfta hlEe m piraen,di nt hper ovignocveesr nrourlswe idt thh e helopft haer mya,n dn ewl ocgaolv ernmiennstt itutions. InF ebrua1r9y1 7T saricsoml lapbsreodu,gd hotw nw hent he soldjioeirnste hwdeo mepnr otesitnti hnbegr eqaude uNeisn.me o nths oft urmoil followed. Revolausst oicoainna dleg caotnhoemriecd speed conflidcete penaenda ;t temtport e pltahceeo ldT saraiustto cratic regiwmietc ho nstitruutleieno dneawdli tthh Beo lshetvaikkipsno gw er int heca pitaaln,dt her evolustpiroenaa cdr otshsec ountTrhye. Bolsheav wiokrsk,i ngp-acrlwtaiyst sah s maglrlo uopfi ntellectuals amonigt lse adercsahmitepo p, o weirnt hmea joirn duscternitarle s witthh seu ppoofrt thr ea nakn dfi lseo ldainetdrh sie n duswtorrikaelr s. Theya,s a sociaplairsttwy e,r ec ommitttoer de placpirnigv ate ownerswhiitspho cioawln ersahnidtp o,a s ocioefte yq ualriutnby y 2 Introduction workaenrpdse asaasn otcsiw,ei ttyhc oouetr acniwdoi nt haol uetg al systbeemc acursiewm oeu bledn om orFer.e edcorme,a tainvdi ty, sciewnocuebl edi thsa llmraerlkiswg,oi uofalndd e a waayn,nd e w formosfa ratn cdu ltwuorueel mde rAg nee.wi nternmaotriaolniatly wouilndfo rtmhs eo ciwaolriolsrdtd freorm w hiwcahwr o udlids appear. InW esteeyreRnsu ssiinJa a nu1a9r1yw7 a asp rimistlieveep ing giaanfo tr,ct eob er eckwointeahGd ,r ePaotw weirtw hh oaml liances shobuelm da dbeu,at s adillyl irbeegriwamhleoi ,wt a hso pemdi,g ht ondea myo vteo waarm dosre en lighfotremon fge odv ernWmietnht . thceo mitnopg o woeftr h Beo lshWeevsitkoespr,in nd iiovniT dheed . estabgloivsehrendwm eerfneet asri fuBflo :l shaeivmwisek rr ee alized, itw atsh een odf t hsey stoefpm o weprr,i vialnewdge ea,lw thhi ch exisitWnee ds tseorcniT ehtiwysaa. st imweh etnhu ep pcelra wsesrees looknienrgv oouvsetlrhy es ihro uladtte hreosiw rwn o rkcilnagas ss es thetyob oe,g taocn l atihmer iirg IhntE sn.g lwaenadl thy omfe mbers socipeuttthy ej ierwi ensl tsr ongi-nBb roixgeshsott ohtnah tec yo uld movaec rtohsCesh antnose alfp elras cheostu hlrede volouctciiunor n LondLoinv,e roprMo aonlc,h eTshteWe ers.t perrenps osr trtahyee d Bolshaesiv nihkusmm oanns taenrsdst ,r essJeedw iotsrhhie go ifn s theliera daenrtdsh ,eu inrn atiudreBaaulsit .uf n nattuhrecanal mt,eh e argumtehtnahttie d ewaelrse unraenatdlh iaztwa abhasleh ero,ep eless experbiomuetnnodfat i Tlh.i vsi ewwa hse lidn itbiyma elmlbyeo rfs thoel odr dienrs Riudsets oiVoae. r dyi ffewraetsnh tre e spfroonms e thlea bour miontv hWeeem seatnr ,te spwohnisrceeh s uilnats epdl it witihtirsna nSkosm.se a twh Beo lshaestv hisekt sa ndardo-fb earers sociaanltdih semr egaaftveer thetiotr h (esB uoplpsCohoremtvm iuk) niPsatr ittny hS eo vUineitoo nt;hw eerrfaser m orsec epotrhi ocsatli le. Leutsn ojwu mtpw enyteyat roNs o vem1b9e3rW7 h.a dti Rdu ssia loloikik n1e 39 a7n wdh aotft haei masn d hoof1p 9e1As7n ?e Uwn ion ofS ovSioecti Raelpiusbhtla ridec psl tahcoeer di gRiunsasElim apni re, buittw asst ais liln sgolcei satlairtsietn, gb eyad c irocfhl oes tile capitcaoluinstPtrr iievosaw.tn ee rhsahdgi opn Weh.e thweear r e talkoifin ngd unsotwru yn,dn eart ionsatlaoitwzene edr osfrh eitpa,i l traadnesd e rvoiroc fae gsr,i cwuhletcruoerl el e(cctoi-voepa enrda tive) stafatremh sa rde plfaamciefaldry m psr,i voawtnee rosfph riopd uctive assweatnssom orBeu.fat r fr omw ithearwiatnyhgs,e t ahtagedr owan : hugcee ntrsatlaimtzaeec dh icnoen,s iosfct oimnmgi ss(aatrshi ea ts miniswterriceea sl ledh)e--afoviryn dusdterfye,ne cdeu,c ation, Introd3u ction justice--oopuoetfrt ahnteee wcd a piMtoaslc,Io nwp .l aocfte h at dreoapfmo puplaarrt icoiafpn ea nttdibo o unr,e aaunchdri aecrya rchy, thewreers et aitnes tirtuuontna ih oinesr,a bracshiiisscs,aou rlid negr s anidn strtuotc htiein odnuss triaalnt dhe ienn tsetriwpthruiitcsiheo sn s themsweelrovere gsa nointz hbeead so ifos n e-mmaanna geTmheen t. sovitehcteos u, neclielcbsty we odr kaenrpdse asaannsdto sl diers, althtohueegyxh i sitnne admh ea,ld o ncge atsoeb dea ctbiovdei es runnlioncagaff laI in1r 9s3.an5 e Cwo nstiwtaausnt nioounn ced which gapvrei odfpe l atcaole e gisclaalttlhuSeerud ep rSeomveOi nep ta.p er itpsr ovilsoiorokenemsda rlkiatkbheloo ysfa We e stceornns tiat ution: fedesryaslto efem l erveepnu (be laicbchas s oenda k elya nguage grouwpi)dt,ih r eelcetc otfdi eopnustt oti heSesu prSeomveoi nte hte basoifus n ivseurffsraBalug tteh .ee l ecwteironenoe stn visaasg ed elecbteitowncesoe mnp etinrga tpthaheererlt eicettsou;rr oanuteted toc atshte viortfo eras s incgalned iidnea atcceho nstitthuuesn cy, reaffirtmhiesniugrp pfoortr htoe r dienwr h itchhwe eyr lei vainndg , thfee daerrraaln gmeamsekanse tydss itnew mh iaclkhle d ye cisions, botohnp olaincpdye rsownenrmeeal di,enM oscow. Thkee pyo liitnisctaiiltn1 u 9t3wi7ato shn Ce o mmuPnairastntiyd n partiictasup lpaarra anit nuncseo,ror fefu ll-ptairfumtneyc tionaries, direfrcotmMe ods caonwcd,o ntraoltllhrl eei pnugTb hleiwyce srt.eh e onewsia tnha uthorviotiwacitetti,hhv pe eo wteoir s souredw ehrisc h weroeb ligfoarat loBlry.1y 93h7o,w etvhepera ,r atpyp arwaatsu s undtehrr freoamtt h NeK VDt,hP ee opCloem'msi sfosraI rnitaetrn al Affaitrhssee, c proeltTi hcyeee .a1 r9 3s7at wh hee iogfth htGe r eat Purges-stheotrwrr ioaarrl,rso e,fos ltBdso lshoefnv eicwko sm,m is samresm,b etrhsne e oewfl iatnoedtf, h gee nepruabTllh iGecu .l aa g, netwooflr akb coaumrsp tsr,e atccrhtoehsdces o unAtnrdsy,t. a nding abovCeo mtmhuen ist Patrhlteay rs gtaeabp tupera eraauatcnurdsa ,c y, the NwKaVtsDh fi,eg uorfSe t acllionai,kan en ed x traocrudoliftn ary thwei lseea dert-owS htoahmly imnwn esrs eu nSgt,aw lhionls ieg ht burnientd hl ei tKtrleemw liinnds ootw h tahtce i tiozfMe onssc ow wouklndo twh tahtge r elaeta wdaeasrl waawyasak lew,ta hyisn king ancda raibnogtu hte m. Whatth ouogfsh o ciien1 t9y3H 7e?rt ehp ei ctiusacr oen fusing oneO.nt hoen hea ntdh ewraers a psiodc mioabli hluintdyr:e ds oft houseavnemdnis l,l oifpo enass aannidtn sd uswtorrikoaeflr s, socipeotohyra'o,dsb taainen deudc aantmdio ovnue pdt oo ffice-work, top osiotfai uotnhsao nrmdia tnya,g eBmy1e 39n tt7h. e wreerfa ec tory 4 Introduction direwchtoio nr1 s9 1h7a bde eanp prentthiewcreeerws eo, m ewnh o haeds cafrpoemtd h der udogefhr oyma en sdw eat-asnbhdeo cpo,m e enginaerecrhsi,dt oeccttaosnr,dNs K,V Do fficiTahlisms.o bility, howevheabrde, e anc compbayan g ireadd rueailm potshirete iionn, troduocfht iieornaa rncpdhr yi viBly1e 9g3ae7n.e lihtaeedm erged witahc cteoss sc agrocoend eswa, p artmaensndpt esc,si haoBlpu st. thwiasos n lpya rotft hpei ctTuhrece a.m patiocg onl letchtei vize countfrroyms1 i9d2e91 9t3ho2a r de sultthedede aoitfmnh i sl loifo ns peasaannmdtis l,l miooronefst huer bpaonp ulwaetrnieoo win n t he campFso.sr o mteh 1e9 3m0esa ancth ievael mietfenh tep,ia rr ents counledv hearvd er eaomfefo;dro thetrhosel, id n telliewtac sta u als, timoefc onfusainoadnn xiaentfodyr m; a noyfa lslt riabttr ao ught deaitnth h lea bcoaumrp s. Westaetrtni wteursdeted isil vlib deetdwt eheowns heno o swa twh e SovUineitao stn h per omliasanenddtd h owshewo e rmeo rsec eptical. Fosro meev erytthhtaiotnop gkl aicnSe o vRiuestws aigsao oadn ,e w civilhiaztdaa tkrieoonoBn tu e.tv etnh eciorn servatiwveer eo pponents mucmho rpeo sitthiatvnhe he aybd e etnw eynetaye rasr lTiheqeru .a l itpyr ersesfe rarpepdr ovtio'n tgshleeyn sMirb.Sl tea lwihnow' a,s perceaisgv reedap trleyfe rtaosb ulchehe aadnyfod o liBsohl sheviks asL enainnd T rotsMkrSy t.a hlaidin n troad Cuocnesdt itution, brouRguhstis nittaoh Le e agoufNe a tiaonndps,r, o btahbmelo ys t importanRtu sfawscaiatsap o ort,e ntial bFualswcaairnskdm ,a gainst HitlGeerr'msa ny. Foryteya lrastt earku ests o 1 97I7nt. h ien terpveerniitonhdge SecoWnodrW ladhr a dde vastthwaeet setdpe arornftt h ceo unatnrdy , 20m illhiadodin e Fdr.o1 m9 1t7h rotuo1g 9h4t 5hw eh opleer wiaosd onoeft rauomfda e,a otfth r,a gteudryma,on ihdle ,a dslpoenIegwtd a .s follobwyae nud n precepdeeroniftpoe edda a cnesd,o ciaBly 1 c9a7l7m . thewreers et il0l 0nl a tionsapleiatdkiiieffnseg,lr aenngtu ianag es, populoafmt oirtoehn a2 n6m 0i lloifwo hno,mm o rteh haannl oflw i ved int owTnhseo. l pde assaonctih eaytdiy e ltdoae nid n dusotnreIi.na l thper evious tfrwoem1n 59t ty7o 1 y9e7ha7ur,gss et, r iinde edsu ca tioinnh, e aalnthdho ,u shianbdge emna daen,id nt hset anodflai rvdi ng ing eneTrhaolys.ee a srasaw r apiimdp rovientm hepenr to viosfi on consudmuerra abnladel ssi ont hfoeo ds uppBluytt.h p ea ttoefr n providsinidoo rtne ftlhefoacuttn edv,e tnw enyteyae rasr liinte hre, industWreisaTtlh.ieS z oevdUi neitso tnhi aladlv erlya ragger icul tursaelc atnoadrv eriyn efficoineesn,ht oo rnst k ainltdle chnology. Introdu5c tion Lackait nrga nsspyosrtltea mc,ks itnogrfa acgiel ietvieaeng s o,o d harvdeisndto g tu arafonotdie nte h seh oTphse.wr eer neos uper markfeewt sc,na osr hso,p cpeinntogrf te hksei wnhdi dcoht Etuerdo pe anNdo rAtmhe rIiwtca ass.t ais lolc iienwt hyio cnhse e jnatmm a de fromb errpiieciskn et hdfoe r etshtr otuhgpeho tsotr elaitnoi tvheesr parotfts h ceo unwthromy i gnhotht a vaen syu giantr h wei nter. Induhsatidrt aysd vansceecdtp oarrst,i icnut lhmaeir lliyst pahreyr e, buatl asp oo oolfp ooqrulayl iufinesdk,li albloeaudnbr dy, 1 97t7h e techngoalwpoi gttyhh W ee swta nso l oncgleors Tihnimgse. a nfotr, examtphlaeaS ,to viet fridge migahsmt u cnehel eedc seven times tritcori utanysi tWse stceorunn tetrhpaapa tar oitfr,s pectwaacsl es twiacshe e atvowy e aIrnt. e romfqs u alnietpwyr ,o duacnttdes c,h no logpiecrafolr mSaonvciiene,dt u bsyt1 r9y7w 7a fasl lbienhgi Tnhde. catcuhpip nrgo cweassssl owdionwgMn i.l ithaorwielvbyey1,r 9 ,7 7 thSeo vUineitho anod b tapianrewidit ttyhh U en itSetdai twtea sos:n e oft wsou perpAonwndeo rotsn .tl hya Itwt.a n so twh deo minant figure inth weo rClodm munist movteotm heeena tbs,ytt h Cfeol mamnuked niPsatr sttyao tfEe ass tEeurrnot pote h,we e sbtyt hCeh inreespeu blic (alabd eiiffitcs uolctir aelliasattni cdoo nu)r,bt yTe hdi Wrodr clodu n tries. Whakti nodfa p olistyiscteaexlmi sitn1e 9d7 P7o?l iatuitchaolr ity reswtiettdhh C eo mmuPnairsottfty hS eo vUineitot nhs:ei npgollei ti capla rtthywa atas l loawsse tda,it nte hdne e Cwo nstiotfu t1ti9oo7 n7 , bet hlee adpionlgi ticali nso orcgiaTenhtieGyz e.an teiroanl Secretary oft hpea ratnyad,l hseoa odfs tawtaeLs,e onBirde zhanc eavu,t ious politwihcohi aamdna ,dt eh Peo littbhlueer aod,pi anrogtr yg iannt,o thcea bionfte hstey stTehmis.sm abloldo yfl eadpianrogtffi yc iaanlds miniscthearibsryt,e h dGe e neSreaclr eatnadr ys,bt yta ffhpeead r ty Secrettoaotrkhik eae tpy,o ldieccyi sTihoenrset.ah ftpeea rra tpyp ar atoufsfu ll-otffiicmiesa tlrse,tfr cohmti hnSege credtoawrtniot a hte localwiasrt eisepso,fon rse inbsluetr hitanhtgae p prosptraiitanets et i tutieoxnesc tuhtdeee dc iseimoannsafr toimtn hgce e ntTrheem. a ss memberosfth hpieap r ntoysw t oaotad p proxi1m6ma itlelmliayon ny; ofi tmse mbevrise'ww esr ien distinfrgoumti hsohosafenb olne membebrutsth ewye roeb litgoce adro ruytt h ien struacndtdei ons cisitoankbsey nt hhei ghpearro tryg anizMaatnwiyoo nrski.en d , diffecraepnatc iintt ehih eusgs,et aatpep arwahtiuwcsah gs r owing visiblbyyy eyaaersae, vr e mro rien stitmuitniiosantnsrsd,it east,e commitetnecersut shoteve ed rbcleonwotnfrt ehe em piCroee.r cion 6 Introduction wasst tihlelbr ueit,nt hbea ckgrraotuthnhedatr not hfoer e. KGThBe wasst rielslp ofonrss iubrlvee ialncldoa nntcbreuio twtl a nso l onger operaast yisnotgfet m e rorfao rrb,i atrrraaernsrydte preBsys1 i9o7n7. citikzneewnwhs aw ta asn wda nso pte rmissable. Wea rtea ltkhieonnfgah igchelnyt rsaylsiotzfepe mod l ictoinctarlo l ovearlm la jaocrt ivtiheteci oensot,mh myee, d ainasd,o caicatli vities. Thkee vya loufte hsse y stbey1m 9,7h 7a,bd e cotmheo spea torfi otism, stabainlodir tdyAe,sra .ne xamlpelutest , a tkheie n itciearteimoonn y atw hi9c-hy eacrh-iolljddor ietnnhe Yedo unPgi onetehyreos u,t h organiTzhaewtyoi uoblnedg. i vtehner ietrdi tehse,li irtb taldego efs Len,ai nndd,u rtihncege remony, tioin ntdriovwdihudorcu eeapdl s resetnhtheee dro ofSe osv sioectip eatasyntp,d r esTehnpete .r tshoeny wouhladvw ei smhoesdot fa ltlo hparveesw eanostfc, o urLseenB,iy n . thehnew aass acfirgeudtr hefae,t hfiegru trhepe,e rwshohona mda de three volauntmdia odlnei efveeb re tfotrec rh ilndoroten nli ynt he SovUineitbo untt h routghhweoo urtGl idv.te hnwi asis m posisti ble, wadse sitrofia nbadln oe l Bdo lshevikw,h hosa kodnm oeLwoennn ei n, prefersaobmleywo hnohe a tdo uchhiemad,tt hlee assotm ewohnoe hasde ehnia mn wdo ublead b tlote e tlhlce h ilwdhraheteon r s hhea d thouagnhfdte o lnht e arLiennsgip ne Aa ks.e icnodnidv wiodubulead l av eteorfta hnSe e cond World wWhaohr ad,de fesnodtmheeedo ne mothearnlwdah nocd o utladol ftk h fieg hatg aitnhfasest c iasntads , thiwrodub leadh eroofs ocilaalbioaswu tor r,kw eirta hno utstanding produrcetcioIordnde .ha elo lrsy h weo ubleady ouhnegro ofs ocialist labowuhro sfaet hoerrm othaenrdg randpbaerfoertneht asht a d workientd h sea mfaec toryr-etphree seonfat l aatbidovyuenr a sty. Herteh ewne rteh rfiegeu sriegsn itfhsyeyi sntLgee mn:i nr-etvhoel u tiotnhw;ea vre teran-paantadrh ieorotofsi oscmi;la albiosutr -the workcilnags s. Westaetrnt iwteurdbeeyn s o wfa rm oraem bivbaoltethnh too,sf e thees tablainstdhh moewsniett t hhilena bmoouvre mTehneSt o.v iet Unihoanbd e eanna lilnty h see coWnodrW ladr b,ut th ecna mteh e ColWda ra,nt dh sep reCaodm moufn tihsrmo utghhweoo urtIl ntd h.e I9 50tshA em eripcuabncl oiucsl tdbi els lw aybeyad n ti-Communist hystwehriiClaoe,m munciasntd iwdoanet leesc itniE ounrsuB puet. Khrushchev'so fSd teanluinnc'isa itdn1ii 9oc5ntt6 ha,Set o ovrisehti p governumseoenffo t r'cisen H ungianr1 y9 5a6n Cdz echosilno vakia 196a8n,td h Uen itSetda tiensa'bt iopl oirttyer vaetyno,i tstehlef , Vietwnaaarms a fi ghfotrfr eedomma,dt eh oel cdo nvilcetsiso ns
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