Soviet Policy for the 1980s

297 Pages·1982·29.67 MB·English

by  Archie Brown

SOVIET POLICY FOR THE 1980s
St Antony's!M acmillan Series
General editor: Archie Brown, Fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford
Archie Brown and Michael Kaser (editors) SOVIET POLICY FOR THE
1980s
S. B. Burman CHIEFDOM POLITICS AND ALIEN LAW
Wilhelm Deist THE WEHRMACHT AND GERMAN REARMAMENT
Ricardo Ffrench-Davis and Ernesto Tironi (editors) LATIN AMERICA
AND THE NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER
Bohdan Harasymiw POLITICAL ELITE RECRUITMENT IN THE
SOVIET UNION
Richard Holt SPORT AND SOCIETY IN MODERN FRANCE
Albert Hourani EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EAST
THE EMERGENCE OF THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST
Paul Kennedy and Anthony Nicholls (editors) NATIONALIST AND
RACIALIST MOVEMENTS IN BRITAIN AND GERMANY BEFORE
1914
Richard Kindersley (editor) IN SEARCH OF EUROCOMMUNISM
Gisela C. Lebzelter POLITICAL ANTI-SEMITISM IN ENGLAND, 1918-
1939
C. A. MacDonald THE UNITED STATES, BRITAIN AND
APPEASEMENT, 1936-1939
Patrick O'Brien (editor) RAILWAYS AND THE ECONOMIC DEVELOP
MENT OF WESTERN EUROPE, 1830-1914
Roger Owen (editor) STUDIES IN THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
HISTORY OF PALESTINE IN THE NINETEENTH AND TWEN
TIETH CENTURIES
Irena Powell WRITERS AND SOCIETY IN MODERN JAPAN
T. H. Rigby and Ferenc Feher (editors) POLITICAL LEGITIMATION IN
COMMUNIST STATES
Marilyn Rueschemeyer PROFESSIONAL WORK AND MARRIAGE: AN
EAST-WEST COMPARISON
A. J. R. Russell-Wood THE BLACK MAN IN SLAVERY AND FREE-
DOM IN COLONIAL BRAZIL
David Stafford BRITAIN AND EUROPEAN RESISTANCE, 1940-1945
Nancy Stepan THE IDEA OF RACE IN SCIENCE
Guido di Tella ARGENTINA UNDER PER6N, 1973-76
Rosemary Thorp and Laurence Whitehead (editors) INFLATION AND
STABILISATION IN LATIN AMERICA
Rudolf L. Tokes (editor) OPPOSITION IN EASTERN EUROPE
SOVIET POLICY FOR
THE 1980s
Edited by
Archie Brown
and
Michael Kaser
St Antony's
© St Antony's College, Oxford 1982
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
without permission
First edition 1982
Reprinted 1983
Published by
THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
London and Basingstoke
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
ISBN 978-0-333-33140-8 ISBN 978-1-349-16948-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-16948-1
Contents
List of the Contributors vi
Archie Brown and Michael Kaser Introduction X
Glossary xiv
1 John H. Miller The Communist Party: Trends and Problems 1
2 David Holloway Foreign and Defence Policy 35
3 Philip Hanson Foreign Economic Relations 65
4 John N. Hazard Legal Trends 98
5 Ann Helgeson Demographic Policy 118
6 Alastair McAuley Social Policy 146
7 Alec Nove Agriculture 170
8 Michael Kaser Economic Policy 186
9 Archie Brown Leadership Succession and Policy
Innovation 223
Calendar of Political Events: 1971-July 1982 254
Archie Brown Postscript, July 1982 267
Index 273
v
List of the Contributors
ARCHIE BROWN, who was born in Annan, Scotland, in 1938, is a
Fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford, and Lecturer in Soviet Institu
tions at the University of Oxford. He studied for five years as an
undergraduate and graduate student at the London School of Eco
nomics and Political Science (University of London) and for an
academic year at Moscow University, and has made a number of other
study visits to Moscow and Leningrad Universities and to the
Academy of Sciences of the USSR (most recently in 1980). He was
Lecturer in Politics at Glasgow University from 1964 until1971, when
he moved to Oxford. He has been Visiting Professor of Political
Science at the University of Connecticut and at Yale University and he
gave the 1980 Henry L. Stimson Lectures at Yale. Mr Brown is the
author of Soviet Politics and Political Science (1974) and Political
Change within Communist Systems (forthcoming) and editor of and
contributor to The Soviet Union since the Fall of Khrushchev (with
Michael Kaser, 1975, 2nd edn, 1978), Political Culture and Political
Change in Communist States (with Jack Gray, 1977, 2nd edn, 1979),
Authority, Power and Policy in the USSR (with T. H. Rigby and Peter
Reddaway, 1980) and The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Russia and the
Soviet Union (with John Fennell, Michael Kaser and H. T. Willetts,
1982).
PHILIP HANSON, who was born in London in 1936, is Reader in Soviet
Economics at the University of Birmingham. An economics graduate
of Cambridge, he took his PhD at Birmingham and was Lecturer in
Economics at Exeter University from 1961 to 1967. He worked for
short spells in both the Treasury and the Foreign Office and has made
several extended visits to the Soviet Union. He was Visiting Professor
of Economics at the University of Michigan in 1977. Dr Hanson is the
author of The Consumer in the Soviet Economy (1968), Advertising
and Socialism (1974), USSR: Foreign Trade Implications of the
1976-80 Plan (1976) and Trade and Technology in Soviet-Western
Relations (1981). He is co-editor (with Karen Dawisha) of Soviet-East
Vl
List of Contributors vii
European Dilemmas: Coercion, Competition and Consent (1981), a
contributor to US Congress Joint Economic Committee compendia on
the Soviet Economy and the author of the Economist Intelligence
Unit's Quarterly Economic Review of the USSR.
JOHN N. HAZARD was born in Syracuse in the state of New York in
1909. He studied at Yale, Harvard and at the University of Chicago,
where he took his doctorate, and subsequently in the Soviet Union
(from 1934-37) where he receive<J the Certificate of the Moscow
Juridical Institute. During the Second World War he worked for the
United States government as Deputy Director of the USSR branch of
the Foreign Economic Administration and was subsequently Adviser
on Soviet Law to the US Prosecutor during the preparation of the
indictment of Nazis at Nuremberg. Professor Hazard is Nash Professor
of Law Emeritus of Columbia University, New York, and he spent the
1981-82 academic year as Goodhart Professor of Legal Science at
Cambridge University. He is a Corresponding Fellow of the British
Academy and Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,
and holds honorary doctorates from the Universities of Paris 1,
Leyden, Freiburg and Louvain. Professor Hazard first set foot in the
Soviet Union in 1930 and has been a frequent visitor over half a
century. He is the author of Soviet Housing Law (1939), Law and
Social Change in the USSR (1953), Settling Disputes in Soviet Society
(1960), Communists and their Law (1969) and The Soviet System of
Government (5th edn, 1980).
ANN HELGESON was born in Shenandoah, Iowa, in 1948. She took her
first degree at Beloit College, Wisconsin, and her doctorate at the
University of California at Berkeley. She has carried out research at
both Leningrad and Moscow universities and spent the 1975-76
academic year in Moscow. Dr Helgeson was a Research Fellow at the
University of Essex from 1979-81 and is currently Lecturer in the
Centre for Russian and East European Studies at Birmingham Uni
versity. She is the author of a number of contributions to books and
academic journals, mainly concerned with Soviet population distribu
tion and migration.
DAVID HOLLOWAY, who was born in Dublin in 1943, is Lecturer in
Politics at the University of Edinburgh. He previously studied or
taught at the universities of Cambridge, Oslo, Manchester and
Lancaster and he has made several study visits to the Soviet Union. In
viii List of Contributors
1978-79 he was Fellow of the Woodrow Wilson International Center,
Washington DC, and he spent the 1981-82 academic year as Visiting
Fellow, attached to the Peace Studies Programme, and Visiting
Professor of Government at Cornell University. Mr Holloway is the
author of Technology, Management and the Soviet Military Establish
ment (1971) and of numerous contributions to symposia and academic
journals.
MICHAEL KASER, who was born in London in 1926, is a Fellow of St
Antony's College and Reader in Economics at the University of
Oxford. After taking the Economics Tripos as an Exhibitioner at
King's College, Cambridge, he served in the British Foreign Service in
London and Moscow from 1947 to 1951 and in the United Nations
Secretariat (with the Economic Commission for Europe in Geneva)
from 1951 to 1963, when he moved to Oxford to teach Soviet eco
nomics. He has made numerous visits to the Soviet Union and has
participated in five out of the six Anglo-Soviet Round Table meetings
including the first, held in London in 1975, and the latest, held in
Moscow in November 1981. Mr Kaser is the author of Comecon:
Integration Problems of the Planned Economies (1965; 2nd edn, 1967),
Soviet Economics (1970), Planning in East Europe (with J. Zielinski,
1970) and Health Care in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (1976),
and he is editor of and contributor to Economic Development for
Eastern Europe (1968), Planning and Market Relations (ed. with R.
Portes, 1971), The New Economic Systems of East Europe ( ed. with H.
Hohmann and K. Thalheim, 1975), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of
Russia and the Soviet Union (with Archie Brown, John Fennell and H.
T. Willetts, 1982) and The Economic History of Eastern Europe since
1919 (with E. A. Radice), Vols. I and II, 1919-1949 (1982).
ALASTAIR McAULEY, who was born in Maidstone, Kent, in 1938, is
Senior Lecturer in Economics at the University of Essex. After
graduating from the London School of Economics and Political
Science in 1962, he spent two years as a graduate student at Glasgow
University and the 1964-65 academic year as an exchange scholar at
Moscow University. He subsequently taught at Manchester University
and at Princeton University before moving to Essex in 1968. In
1976-77 he was Visiting Assistant Professor at the University of
Wisconsin, Madison, and in 1977 a Visiting Fellow of the Kennan
Institute, Washington DC. Among his publications are Economic
Welfare in the Soviet Union: Poverty, Living Standards and Inequality
List of Contributors ix
(1979) and Women's Work and Wages in the Soviet Union (1981).
JOHN H. MILLER was born in Staveley, Derbyshire, in 1940. After
studying as an undergraduate at St John's College, Cambridge, he
made extended cultural exchange visits as a graduate student to Sofia
(1963) and Moscow (1967-68) and also pursued graduate studies at the
University of Glasgow. From 1968 until1972, he was Lecturer in the
Institute of Soviet and East European Studies at Glasgow. Since 1972
he has been Senior Lecturer in Politics at LaTrobe University, Mel
bourne. In 1976 and in 1980--81 he was a visiting Senior Associate
Member of St Antony's College, Oxford. Mr Miller is the author of
several important articles in the field of Soviet politics and of a
forthcoming monograph on the relationship between party and society
within the Soviet Union.
ALEC NOVE was born in Petrograd in 1915 but educated in England,
graduating from the London School of Economics and Political
Science in 1936. Since 1963 he has been Professor of Economics at
Glasgow University, a post which he combined until 1979 with the
Directorship of the Institute of Soviet and East European Studies at
Glasgow. Prior to that, he was in the Civil Service from 1947 to 1958
(mainly at the Board of Trade) and from 1958 to 1963 he was Reader in
Russian Social and Economic Studies at the University of London.
Professor Nove, who has made numerous visits to the Soviet Union,
was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Giessen in
1977 and elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1978. His pub
lications include The Soviet Economy (1961; 3rd edn, 1969), Was Stalin
Really Necessary? (1964), The Soviet Middle East (with J. A. Newth,
1965), An Economic History of the USSR (1969), Socialist Economics
(co-editor with D. M. Nuti, 1972), Efficiency Criteria for Nationalised
Industries (1973), Stalinism and After (1975), The Soviet Economic
System (1977) and Political Economy and Soviet Socialism (1979).