Soviet and muslim. The institutionalization of Islam in Central Asia, 1943-1991. PDF
Preview Soviet and muslim. The institutionalization of Islam in Central Asia, 1943-1991.
Soviet and Muslim Soviet and Muslim The Institutionalization of Islam in Central Asia, 1943–1991 z EREN TASAR 1 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America. © Oxford University Press 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Tasar, Eren, 1978– , author. Title: Soviet and Muslim : the institutionalization of Islam in Central Asia, 1943‒1991 / Eren Tasar. Description: New York, NY : Oxford University Press, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017005606 (print) | LCCN 2017012743 (ebook) | ISBN 9780190652111 (updf) | ISBN 9780190652128 (epub) | ISBN 9780190652135 (oso) | ISBN 9780190652104 (cloth) Subjects: LCSH: Islam—A sia, Central— History. | Islam—Russia (Federation)— History. | Asia, Central— History— 20th century. | Soviet Union— History. Classification: LCC BP63.A34 (ebook) | LCC BP63.A34 T37 2017 (print) | DDC 322/ .109580904— dc23 LC record available at https:// lccn.loc.gov/ 2017005606 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed by Sheridan Books, Inc., United States of America To Lola, Sitora, Timur, and Leo Contents List of Illustrations xi List of Tables xiii Acknowledgments xv Note on Transliteration xix Introduction 1 1. World War II and Islamically Informed Soviet Patriotism 15 The Central Asian Islamic Sphere 16 Central Asia’s ‘Ulama under Tsarist and Soviet Rule 28 Islamically Informed Soviet Patriotism: The Social Setting 50 SADUM in the Mid- 1940s: A Muftiate in Name Only? 55 The Muftiate’s Centralization Drive in Kyrgyzstan 57 SADUM versus Shafoat hoji 63 Maksud Nazarbekov versus the ‘Ulama of Osh 68 SADUM versus the Miners of Kok Yangak 72 World War II and the Muslim World 75 Conclusion 76 2. Institutionalizing Soviet Islam, 1944‒1958 78 The Hard and Moderate Lines 85 CARC Meets Local Government 87 Aggressive Moderation 90 Community Activism, by CARC? 97 Rumblings of Discontent: The Hard Line during the 1950s 101 Registration 102 viii Contents The CARC‒SADUM Alliance 110 The Conceptual Apparatus 117 Quantifying Religion 122 Expunging “Bad” Practices from Soviet Islam 124 Birth Pangs of “Progressive” Islam 129 Fanaticism 132 Conclusion 139 3. SADUM’s New Ambitions, 1943‒1958 141 Central Asia in the 1950s 142 An Institutional Agenda 146 The Anti- Innovation Struggle 150 SADUM’s Critique of Sufism 153 Control over the Registered 161 Reining in the Staff 162 Coopting Powerful ‘Ulama 167 Popular Responses 173 Control over the Unregistered 181 A Brief Comparison: Turkey 190 Conclusion 192 4. The Anti- Religious Campaign, 1959‒1964 194 Khrushchev’s Revolution 195 The Hard Line Strikes Back 201 The Attack on Idle Clergy 202 Hard- Line Moderation? 208 Implementing the Hard Line 211 The CARC—SADUM Alliance under Strain 214 Shrine Pilgrimage: Two Case Studies 226 Shoh Fozil 227 The Throne of Solomon 231 Conclusion 240 5. The Muftiate on the International Stage 242 Anti- Colonial Activism and the Image of “Soviet Islam” 247 Setting Up an Infrastructure 249 The Face of “Soviet Islam” 253 The Hajj as a Propaganda Front 262 Contents ix An Arm of the Party-S tate 277 SADUM as a State Agency 280 Humanitarian Cosmopolitanism 287 Conclusion 295 6. The Brezhnev Era and its Aftermath, 1965‒1989 298 Central Asia in the Era of Late Socialism 299 The Fusion of the Hard and Moderate Lines 303 Reconciling the Two Lines 305 The Year 1979 as a Turning Point 312 A New Beginning for the Knowledge Project 321 SADUM’s Checked Ambitions, or the Limits of Institutionalization 334 A New Centralization Drive 335 Innovations and the “Self-P roclaimed” 346 The New Jurisconsults 352 SADUM and the CRA as Soviet Institutions 361 Conclusion 363 Epilogue 365 Glossary 375 Bibliography 379 Index 397
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