Sovereignty, International Law, and the French Revolution

354 Pages·2017·8.357 MB·English

by  Edward James Kolla

EDWARD JAMES KOLLA is a professor of “This brilliant book tells the story of how tax law in Mandatory Palestine was This book describes how a social-norms model of
law and legal history at Tel Aviv University Faculty transformed from an intimate institution relying on the voluntary cooperation taxation rose and fell in British-ruled Palestine and
of Law. He is the author of Law and Identity in of taxpayers to a formal system enforced by lawyers. It is a must-read for anyone the State of Israel in the mid-twentieth century.
Mandate Palestine (2006), which was awarded interested in the nature of law and in how to make a legal system that necessarily Such a model, in which non-legal means were
the Yonathan Shapiro Best Book Award in Israel depends on voluntary cooperation achieve its goals.” used to foster compliance, appeared in the tax
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Studies. Reuven Avi-Yonah, Irwin I. Cohn Professor of Law, the University of Michigan system created by the Jewish community in 1940s
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L Palestine, and was later adopted by the new Israeli
“Assaf Likhovski has written a fascinating account of the development of taxation in a L state in the 1950s. It gradually disappeared in
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region that has long struggled with shifting rulers and divided populations. This book subsequent decades as law and its agents, lawyers
is more than just the definitive history of taxation in Israel. It is a case study on the and accountants, came to play a larger role in the
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cultural and sociological underpinnings of tax law itself.” process of taxation. By describing the historical
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Steven Bank, University of California, Los Angeles interplay between formal and informal tools for
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e creating compliance, Tax Law and Social Norms
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“Once more, Assaf Likhovski has demonstrated his keen understanding of law and h e in Mandatory Palestine and Israel sheds new light
its social function in Ottoman and Mandatory Palestine as well as the state of Israel. e i on our understanding of the relationship between
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This volume solidifies Assaf Likhovski’s position as one of the most formidable and F n law and other methods of social control, and
important scholars of the legal history of Israel.” r t reveals the complex links between taxation and
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Michael Stanislawski, Columbia University n , citizenship.

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“In this ambitious and well-written narrative, Assaf Likhovski demonstrates his
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masterful skills as a legal and cultural historian. By analyzing changing methods
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of tax assessment and collection, Likhovski tells a compelling historical tale about n
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fundamental transformations in Israeli law and society.” o
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Ajay K. Mehrotra, author of Making the Modern American Fiscal State lu io International Law,
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“Assaf Likhovksi has written an absolutely fascinating book. His exploration of the rise o a
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and fall of what he aptly calls the ‘intimate fiscal state’ uses taxation to provide a prism
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on the history of late Ottoman and British-ruled Palestine, as well as Israel. Everyone
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interested in the relationship between law and society, the history of taxation, the w
subject of tax avoidance, and the history of Israel will want to read this brilliant work.” ,

Laura Kalman, University of California, Santa Barbara French Revolution
Jacket image: community tax (kofer ha-yishuv) stamps.
E D WA R D J A M E S K O L L A
Courtesy of Museum of Taxes, Jerusalem
JACKET DESIGNED BY HART McLEOD LTD

Sovereignty,InternationalLaw,andtheFrenchRevolution
The advent of the principle of popular sovereignty during the French
Revolution inspired an unintended but momentous change in interna-
tionallaw.EdwardJamesKollaexplainsthatbetween1789and1799,
the idea that peoples ought to determine their fates in international
affairs,justastheyweretakingpower domesticallyinFrance,inspired
aseriesofnewandinterconnectedclaimstoterritory.Drawingoncase
studies from Avignon, Belgium, the Rhineland, the Netherlands,
Switzerland,andItaly,KollatraceshowFrenchrevolutionarydiplomats
and leaders gradually applied principles derived from new domestic
politicalphilosophyandlawtotheinternationalstage.Insteadofobtain-
inglandviadynasticinheritanceorconquestinwar,thewillofthepeople
would now determine the title and status of territory. However, the
principle of popular sovereignty also opened up new justifications for
aggressive conquest, and this history foreshadowed some of the most
controversialquestionsininternationalrelationstoday.
EdwardJamesKollaisAssistantProfessorofHistory,intheEdmundA.
WalshSchoolofForeignServiceinQatar,atGeorgetownUniversity.
See the Studies in Legal History series website at http://
studiesinlegalhistory.org/
StudiesinLegalHistory
editors
SarahBarringerGordon,UniversityofPennsylvania
HollyBrewer,UniversityofMaryland,CollegePark
MichaelLobban,LondonSchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience
ReuelSchiller,UniversityofCalifornia,Hastings
Cynthia Nicoletti, Secession on Trial: The Treason Prosecution of
JeffersonDavis
EdwardJamesKolla,Sovereignty,InternationalLaw,andtheFrench
Revolution
RobertW.Gordon,TamingthePast:EssaysonLawandHistoryand
HistoryinLaw
Assaf Likhovski, Tax Law and SocialNormsin Mandatory Palestine
andIsrael
PaulGarfinkel,CriminalLawinLiberalandFascistItaly
Michelle A. McKinley, Fractional Freedoms: Slavery, Intimacy, and
LegalMobilizationinColonialLima,1600–1700
Mitra Sharafi, Law and Identity in Colonial South Asia: Parsi Legal
Culture,1772–1947
KarenM.Tani,StatesofDependency:Welfare,Rights,andAmerican
Governance,1935–1972
StefanJurasinski,TheOldEnglishPenitentialsandAnglo-SaxonLaw
FeliceBatlan,WomenandJusticeforthePoor:AHistoryofLegalAid,
1863–1945
SophiaZ.Lee,TheWorkplaceConstitutionfromtheNewDealtothe
NewRight
MichaelA.Livingston,TheFascistsandtheJewsofItaly:Mussolini’s
RaceLaws,1938–1943
Sovereignty, International Law,
and the French Revolution
EDWARD JAMES KOLLA
GeorgetownUniversity,SchoolofForeignServiceinQatar
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Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107179547
doi:10.1017/9781316832240
©EdwardJamesKolla2017
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Contents
ListsofMaps pageviii
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction 1
1 PopularSovereigntyandInternationalLawonthe
PeripheryofFrance 35
2 TheUnionofAvignonandtheChallengesof
Self-Determination 84
3 RevolutionaryPowerandtheAnnexationofBelgium 121
4 StrategicInterests,Survival,andtheLeftBankof
theRhine 160
5 BetweenSubjectandSovereignStates:Sister
RepublicsintheNetherlands,Switzerland,andItaly 206
Conclusion 270
SelectBibliography 299
Index 316
vii
Maps
I.1 FrenchClaimstoTerritory,1789–1799 page4
1.1 France,1789 38
3.1 France’sEasternBoundariesattheStartofthe
RevolutionaryWars,1792 123
5.1 TheBatavianRepublicandtheFrenchRhineland,1798 215
5.2 TheHelveticRepublic,1799 221
5.3 TheItalianSisterRepublics,1799 234
6.1 TheNapoleonicEmpire,1811 272
viii