Southern European Welfare States: Problems, Challenges and Prospects PDF
Preview Southern European Welfare States: Problems, Challenges and Prospects
Southern European Welfare States Problems, Challenges and Prospects George Katrougalos and Gabriella Lazaridis Southern European Welfare States Also by George Katrougalos LA CRISE DE LEGITIMITE DE L’ ADMINISTRATION: Le Cars de la Grèce CONSTITUTION, LAW AND RIGHTS IN THE WELFARE STATE AND BEYOND THE RIGHT TO LIVE AND THE RIGHT TO DIE THE SOCIAL STATE IN POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY SOCIAL RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (editors) Also by Gabriella Lazaridis ELDORADO OR FORTRESS? Migration in Southern Europe (co-edited with R. King and C. Tsardanidis) GENDER AND MIGRATION IN SOUTHERN EUROPE(co-edited with F. Anthias) INTO THE MARGINS:Migration and Social Exclusion in Southern Europe (co-edited with F. Anthias) Southern European Welfare States Problems, Challenges and Prospects George Katrougalos and Gabriella Lazaridis © George Katrougalos and Gabriella Lazaridis 2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 978-0-333-65537-5 All rights reserved.No reproduction,copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced,copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988,or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,90 Tottenham Court Road,London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2003 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue,New York,N.Y.10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St.Martin’s Press,LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States,United Kingdom and other countries.Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-39711-2 ISBN 978-0-230-52372-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230523722 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Katrougalos,George. Southern European welfare states:problems,challenges,and prospects/ George Katrougalos and Gabriella Lazaridis. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1.Europe,Southern—Social policy.I.Lazaridis,Gabriella.II.Title. HN650.7.A8 K37 2002 361.6(cid:2)1(cid:2)094—dc21 2002072305 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 To Aude To Joanna This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Tables viii List of Figures xi Glossary xii Acknowledgements xiv Introduction xv 1 The Southern Welfare States in the European Context 1 2 The Carrot and the Stick: Employment, Unemployment and Labour Market Policies 31 3 Gender Inequalities, Family and Social Welfare: Continuity and Change 69 4 Social Security: Pensions and Social Minima 93 5 National Health Systems: An Originality of the South? 123 6 Migration into Southern Europe: Some Reflections on Policy Implications 167 7 Concluding Considerations: Are Southerners Becoming More European than Southern? 191 Notes 200 Bibliography 211 Index 229 vii List of Tables 1.1 Perception of corruption of the administration in selected European countries, USA and Japan 14 1.2 Indices of economic liberalism in EU countries 15 1.3 Government expenditure 16 1.4 Introduction of principal social legislation in various countries 19 1.5 Social expenditure as percentage of GNP, 1990–96 21 1.6 Military and education expenditure 23 1.7 Social assistance expenditure as percentage of social security, 1980–92 24 1.8 Receipts of social protection by type and category as percentage of total receipts 26 1.9 Financing of social security 26 1.10 Distribution of income in the EU 27 1.11 Percentage of persons below the poverty line before and after social transfers (excepting pensions), 1995 28 1.12 Indices of poverty in the European South 29 1.13 Poverty in the European South and the European Union as percentage of the population, 1993–5 29 2.1 Unemployment rates (percentage of civilian labour force) in the member states of the EU15, 1961–99 32 2.2 Population and labour force characteristics of Southern European countries, 1970–90 35 3.1 Fertility rates in Southern European member states, 1965, 1990, 1995 75 3.2 Structure of the child benefit package (i) 79 3.3 Structure of the child benefit package (ii) 79 3.4 Net disposable income of a lone parent 80 3.5 Overview of family benefits in Southern Europe, 1993 82 3.6 Employment by economic sector and gender in Southern European countries as percentage in 1999 88 3.7 Employment by economic sector in Southern European countries as percentage, 1975, 1985, 1996, 1999 88 3.8 Male and female employment by economic sector in Greece, Spain, Italy and Portugal, 1977, 1985, 1996, 1999 89 3.9 Employment rates by educational achievement for the 25–9 age group, 1994 90 4.1 Evolution of social expenditure in Spain, 1975–95 (percentage of GDP) 96 viii List of Tables ix 4.2 Gross domestic product and defence expenditure: annual variation as percentage 97 4.3 Defence expenditure as a percentage of GDP, 1995 97 4.4 Average old age-survivors’ benefit per person aged 65 or over 101 4.5 Qualification requirements and services 104 4.6 Detailed breakdown of social protection expenditure (Greece) 109 4.7 Detailed breakdown of receipts by type and sector of origin (Greece) 110 4.8 Detailed breakdown of social protection expenditure (Italy) 113 4.9 Detailed breakdown of receipts by type and sector of origin (Italy) 113 4.10 Detailed breakdown of social protection expenditure (Portugal) 115 4.11 Detailed breakdown of receipts by type and sector of origin (Portugal) 116 4.12 Detailed breakdown of social protection expenditure (Spain) 119 4.13 Detailed breakdown of receipts by type and sector of origin (Spain) 120 4.14 General Regime and special schemes, 1996 121 5.1 Percentage of population with public health care coverage in OECD countries, 1960 and 1995 124 5.2 Life expectancy at birth: the Southerners and the world, 1900–96 126 5.3 Life expectancy at age 65 and 80 127 5.4 Infant mortality, 1900–96 127 5.5 Maternal mortality, per 100,000 births, 1970–95 128 5.6 Overall health indicators – diseases 128 5.7 Rate of health systems according to the WHO’s World Health Report 2000 128 5.8 Total health expenditure as a percentage of GDP, 1985–97 (OECD estimates) 130 5.9 Expenditure for sickness/health care, as percentage of GDP (EU estimates) 131 5.10 Total health expenditure (WHO’s estimates) 131 5.11 Health spending, as a share of GDP 1960–96 131 5.12 Public share in total health spending, 1960–97 (OECD estimates) 134 5.13 Expenditure for disability, as percentage of GDP 135 5.14 Recipients of main disability programmes as a percentage of the population, 1975–95 135 5.15 Main components of health care expenditures as percentage of total, 1970–90 136
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