Southern Appalachian Fir and Fir-Spruce Forest Community Changes Following Balsam Woolly ...

140 Pages·2016·3.09 MB·English

by  George Francis Smith

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Masters Theses Graduate School
5-1997
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George Francis Smith
University of Tennessee - Knoxville
Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes
Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons
RReeccoommmmeennddeedd CCiittaattiioonn
Smith, George Francis, "Southern Appalachian Fir and Fir-Spruce Forest Community Changes Following
Balsam Woolly Adelgid Infestation. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1997.
https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1339
This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and
Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE:
Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected].
To the Graduate Council:
I am submitting herewith a thesis written by George Francis Smith entitled "Southern
Appalachian Fir and Fir-Spruce Forest Community Changes Following Balsam Woolly Adelgid
Infestation." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and
recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science, with a major in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.
Niki S. Nicholas, Major Professor
We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance:
John Rennie, J. Frank McConnick
Accepted for the Council:
Carolyn R. Hodges
Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School
(Original signatures are on file with official student records.)
Toth eG raduatei lC:o unc
Ia ms ubmihtetrienwagti htehws riisttb eyGn e orFg.Se m itehn ti"tSloeudtA hpeprna lachian
Fiarn Fdi r-SFporurcCeeos tm munCihtya nFgoelsl oBwailnsWgao mo lAldye lgid
InefstiaotnIh. a"v eex amitnhfieend a clo poyft htihse fsorif sor ma ncdo ntaennrdte o cmmend
thiabtte a ccepitnpe artdi fuall fillmeonftt h reqe ueimrenftorts h dee groefMe a stoefSr ci ence,
witmha jaio nEr c ology.
NikSi.N ihcolMaasj,oP rr eosfsor
Weh avree atdht ihse sis
anredc ommeintadsc ceptance:
Accepftorte hdCe o ucnil:
SoutherAnp palachFiiaran n dF ir-SprFuocree sCto mmunity
ChangeFso llowiBnagl saWmo ollAyd elgid Infestation
A Thesis
Presefnortt ehde
MastoefSr c ience
Degree
TheU nivseirtyT eonfn esKsneoex,v ille
George FSrmaintchi s
May1 997
Acknowlgemdents
Nearallsylc ienrteisfiencao rwcahd iatsyh sre e lsotuft hceo lbolraaotfim oann y
indiviadnutdah liss ,i tnsho ee xsciiesop nIt. amc iesagplrelafuytl fe ort he guaindda nce
encourapgreoimvdeebndyt amdyv iNsiokNrii, c hoJloahRsne. n naineJd. Frank McConnick,
membeorfs T mhye Csoimsm ittee, havseu gmtgaiedostenh sham atav ngeyr e aitmlpyr oved
thriess e.a rhIcah vbee nefifotrmet dh ken owlaendsdgu ep pooftrt h ger aduatea nsdt udents
fcaulitynt hDee partomfEe cnotl aongEdyv olutBiioonlaoryg y.
It haPnakuD lu rarn tdh e orfte hsbetil oogirceaslesa tracoffhft hGer eSamto ky
MountNaaitnisPo anrawklh oii ntitahtsietsdu adnycd o lclteetdhd ea tEar.iP ca ulCehyr,i s
EagaarnP,de tWehri ptorev idheepdluf lco mmeonnpt asrt osft htihse sTihsNe.a tiPoanrakl
Serviacnetd h Teen nesVsaelyelA uethoprrioitvdyem du cahp precfiinaatnecdi al assistance.
Ia mv eryt haunlfk oftrh seu ppporriotvd ebdym y parGeenotrasgn,eRd u tShmi th,
aneds pieaclmlywy i ef,Ra clhI.e wonuoltd ghoatvntfe rae w ithhoeulrto ving
encouragement.
ii
Abstract
Thes outAhpeprna laficrah nifidar n- spfroruecsaetr usen iqgulea criealclio cmtm untihtaite s
occu2p6y, 6h0aa0 tt hhei gheelsetv aotfoi nolsnyes v meonu ntaareiansO .v etrh lea tshtr ee
anadh adlefc aadnee xso itniscte hcbeta ,l swaomlo layd el(gAidde lpgiecseR aaetz .), has
causceadt oapshtrmiocr ltiattyop opulaotfiteohnneds e Fmriacfis re( rAb iesfras(ePruir sh)
Poitrh.r)o ugihtosu tne anttriiavrneeg e1.99 0aI nn1d 9 91a,s e otft empoarnapdrye rmanent
plowtesre es tlahibesadtt hseu mmoiffit vsme o unitniastn h Ger eSamto kMyo unttaosi tnusd y
proceosfcs oemsm iutncyh anignoev ersatnoudryn dercsotmopryo saintfidir so inaz nead g e
dsitribuNteiaor7nl0sy%o. fs tanfidrib nagsar aelai dse aodv etrhe en tsitruead rye Paa.tt erns
ofo versdtoomraiynn caerd ee teirnmepdr imabryei lleyv aatntidio mne tshimenaj cowera ve
ofm otrlatiyO.v ersfitrmo oryrt alainttydh ree lstuiinngc reiancsa ensoo ppye nnheasvlseet do
decreiands eenss oiftOi-1e0ysr o lfidrs eleidnagnbsdr yopchoyvteHere .r baceous
vegeitocanot vdeern, soiftr iesedps r u(cPeic reuab eSnasr g.l)ni gssae,nes ddm aslhlr ub
denshiatviieen sc reiansso emsdet asn.Ud ndrestfiorra yrg eor wianngmd a turmionrrgea pidly
witghr eaitnesro lUantdieornsfi.tr ro eryci rtmuents ealnedmc otrtiiavtleoy fl arfigrea rr e
causoivnegr sstioazryne ad g cel astsobe esc ome moret oswkaesrwmdealsdle a rn ydo unger
indiviFduutaurlraseta. en ssd p atialo fip neafsttitaoetnrn sma onrtdia tlwyi bleld eetrminebdy
ratoeffis rr ecoveprya ticnhj eestc odts iueffbrebnito atniadcb iosttriecs sPoorosr.l y
reopdrucimnagyb efie rl iinmtaeidnl oweelre vamtixieosdnt ands.
Ill
TabloefC ontesn t
CHAPTER PAGE
I. IntroduacntdOi bojne ctives
1.1I ntroduction 1
12. Objcetives 3
II. LiteraRteuvriee w 5
2.1 The SoAuptphaelrna Scphrieua-cnFF iorr Ceosmt munity 5
2.2 DitsurbiannSc per- uFcFieorr ests 12
2.3 ThBea lsam AWdoeollgliyd 20
2.4 CurrSetnatot ftu shS ep reu-cFEicro system 26
PatteorfOn vse rsCtoomryp osition 35
m.
3.1 Abstract 35
3.2 Intrioodunc t 35
3.3 Methso d 38
3.4 Results 41
3.5 Dicsussion 52
3.6 Conclusions 60
IV. UndersRteosrpyo ntsoOe vse rsCthoarnyg e 62
41. Abstract 62
4.2 Inotdruction 63
4.3 Methods 65
4.4 Results 68
4.5 Discussion 75
iv
CHAPTER PAGE
4.6 Conclusions 87
v. Sizaen Adg e Class DiosfOt vriebrsuttaoinryoUd nn sd ersFtroaerysrF ir 88
51. Abstract 88
5.2 Introduction 89
5.3 Methods 91
5.4 Results 94
5.5 Discussion 120
56. Conclusions 141
Summary 151
VI.
LiteraCtiutreed 191
Vita 192
v
Lisotf Tables
TABLE PAGE
3.1 Temporaprlyo t daptea-rceonfst t andbiansgaa lr etah aitsd eafdo r
fivel ocatiionGn SsM NP 43
3.2 Temporaprlyod ta ta-logisrteigcr essoiflo invsae n dd eaodv erstory
fisrp,ru cea,n dh ardwoforde quenocnie else vatyieoanrss, i ncmea jor
2
mortaliatnyd(, y easrisn cmea jomro rtalitfyo)firv el ocatiionn sG SMNP 44
3.3 Permanenptl odta ta-multivarreigartees osfil oinvf ei srp,ru cea,n d
hardwoboads aalre aa ndd ensiotney l evatyieoanrs,si ncmea jomro rtality,
percesnlto paen,dl ineatrrlayn sfoarsmpeedfc otfir v el ocatiionn s
GSMNP 51
3.4 Permanepnltod ta ta-logisrteigcre ssioofln isv aen dd eaodv erstfiorr,y
sprucea,n dh ardwoforde quenocnip elsoe tl evatyieoanrs,si ncmea jor
mortalipteyr,c esnlto pea,n dt ransfoarsmpeedcf to firv e locations in
GSMNP 53
4.1 Multivarreigartees osfiu onnd erstfioriry ns izcel assoenus n derstory
spruceh,a rdwooadnsds, h rubfso firv el ocatiionGn SsM NP 73
4.2 Meanp ercecnotv efro hre rbs, twig/alnedba ryfo plhiytttieenfsr o ,u r
overstsotrayn d typfievsel ofcoart iionGn SsM NP 74
4.3 Multivarreigartees osfiu onnd erstfiorsry,p ruceh,a rdwooadnsds, h rubs
one levatyieoanrs,si ncmea jomro rtalittrya,n sfoarmsepde catn,d
overstfiorrys, p rucea,n dh ardwoboads aalr efao firv ea reasi nG SMNP 77
5.1 Meand bha nda geo fc one-beafirrfi onfirgv el ocatiionGn SsM NP 97
vi
Lisotf F igures
FIGURE PAGE
2.1 SoutheArnp palachsiparunc e-fir forest areas 6
3.1 Temporary pldoatt a-livaen dd eafdi r, sapnrduh caer,d woboads aalr ea
fofirv el ocatiionGn SsM NP 42
3.2 Temporaprlyod ta ta-predictoifto hnpesr oportoifosn t andFirnags fierr
stems thatb edw eoauodln da n1 89m1 e levatmioounn taoivne tri me
since mmaojrotra lbiatsyeo dn l ogisrteigcr esasnido nd fartoafim v e
locatiionGn SsM NP 46
3.3 Permanepnltod ta ta-livaen dd eafdi srp,ru cea,n dh ardwoboads aalre a
fofirv el ocatiionGn SsM NP 47
3.4 Permanepnltod ta ta-livaen dd eafdi srp,ru cea,n dh ardwood abraesaa l
bys tantdy pfeo fri vleo catiionGn SsM NP 48
3.5 Permanenptl odta ta-livaen dd ead fir, asnpdhru acred,w odoedn sity
fofirv el ocatiionGn SsM NP 49
3.6 Permanepnltod ta ta-livaen dd eafidr s,p rucea,n dh ardwodoedn sity
bys tantdy pfeo firv el ocatiionGn SsM NP 50
4.1 Livfei srp,r ucaen,dh ardwood saanpdll airnsgghe ru bd ensiftoiers
fivel ocatiionGn SsM NP 69
4.2 Livfier s,p rucean,d hardwosoadp lianngdl arsgher udbe nsibtyi es
stantdy pfeo firv em ountaiinnG sS MNP 70
4.3 Livfier s,p rucaen,dh ardwosoede dlainndsg m alslh rubd ensiftioers
fivel ocatiionGn SsM NP 71
vii