Southeast Asian responses to globalization : restructuring governance and deepening democracy

395 Pages·2005·4.888 MB·English

by  Francis Kok-Wah Loh, Joakim Ojendal

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SOUTHEAST ASIAN RESPONSES TO GLOBALIZATION
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The Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (NIAS) is a research and service
institute located in Copenhagen where it collaborates closely with
Copenhagen University and the Copenhagen Business School as well as
with Lund University in Sweden and the wider Nordic Asian Studies
community. Funded in part by the governments of Denmark, Finland,
Iceland, Norway and Sweden via the Nordic Council of Ministers and in
part directly by the Nordic scholarly community, NIAS works to
encourage and support Asian Studies in the Nordic countries as well as
actively participating in the international scholarly community in its
own right. In so doing, NIAS has published books since 1969 and in
2002 launched NIAS Press as an independent, not-for-profit publisher
aiming at a premium reputation among authors and readers for
relevant and focused, quality publishing in the field of Asian Studies.
The Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) was established as an
autonomous organization in 1968. It is a regional centre dedicated to
the study of socio-political, security and economic trends and develop-
ments in Southeast Asia and its wider geostrategic and economic
environment.
The Institute’s research programmes are Regional Economic
Studies (RES, including ASEAN and APEC), Regional Strategic and
Political Studies (RSPS), and Regional Social and Cultural Studies
(RSCS).
ISEAS Publications, an established academic press, has issued more
than 1,000 books and journals. It is the largest scholarly publisher of
research about Southeast Asia from within the region. ISEAS Publica-
tions works with many other academic and trade publishers and
distributors to disseminate important research and analyses from and
about Southeast Asia to the rest of the world.
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Southeast Asian Responses
to Globalization
Restructuring Governance and Deepening Democracy
EDITED BY
Francis Loh Kok Wah and Joakim Öjendal
INSTITUTE OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES
Singapore
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Democracy in Asia series, 10
First published in 2005 by NIAS Press
Nordic Institute of Asian Studies
Leifsgade 33, DK–2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
tel: [phone] • fax: [phone]
E–mail: [email protected] • Website: www.niaspress.dk
First published in 2005 in Singapore by
Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS)
30 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, Pasir Panjang, Singapore 119614
E-mail: [email protected] • Website: http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg
for distribution in the ASEAN countries, Japan, Korea, Taiwan,
Australia and New Zealand.
© Nordic Institute of Asian Studies 2005
All rights reserved. While copyright in the volume as a whole is vested
in the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, copyright in the individual papers
belongs to their authors. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
translated, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or
by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise – without the prior permission of the Nordic Institute
of Asian Studies.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Southeast Asian responses to globalization : restructuring
governance and deepening democracy. - (Democracy in Asia
series ; 10)
1.Democratization - Asia, Southeastern 2.Asia, Southeastern
- Politics and givernment - 1945-
I.Loh, Francis Kok-Wah, 1951- II.Ojendal, Joakim
321.8’0959
ISBN 87-91114-43-8 (NIAS hbk edition)
ISBN 87-91114-44-6 (NIAS pbk edition)
ISBN 981-230-324-3 (ISEAS edition)
Typesetting by Thor Publishing
Printed and bound in Singapore
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgements vii
List of Contributors ix
Abbreviations xii
INTRODUCTION 1
Francis Loh Kok Wah and Joakim Öjendal
1 Globalization, Development and Democratization
in Southeast Asia 17
Francis Loh Kok Wah
PART ONE: RESTRUCTURING GOVERNANCE
2 Liberalization without Democratization:
Singapore in the Next Decade 57
Chua Beng Huat
3 Globalization, Capital Controls and Reformasi:
Crises and Contestations over Governance 83
Khoo Boo Teik
4 Human Rights in Malaysia: Globalization,
National Governance and Local Responses 110
Saliha Hassan and Carolina López
5 Global Civil Society in One Country?
Class Formation and Business Activism in the Philippines 138
Eva-Lotta E. Hedman
6 Globalization, Inequitable Development and
Disenfranchisement in Sarawak 173
Andrew Aeria
7 The Fall of Suharto: Understanding
the Politics of the Global 201
Dewi Fortuna Anwar
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Southeast Asian Responses to Globalization
PART TWO: DEEPENING DEMOCRACY
8 Filling the Democratic Deficit: Deliberative
Forums and Political Organizing in Indonesia 233
Hans Antlöv
9 Democracy and the Mainstreaming of Localism
in Thailand 259
Michael Kelly Connors
10 A New Local State in Cambodia? Decentralization
as a Political Commodity 287
Joakim Öjendal
11 Democracy among the Grassroots:
Local Responses to Democratic Reforms in Vietnam 316
Bent Jørgensen
CONCLUSION
12 Democratization amidst Globalization in Southeast Asia:
Empirical Findings and Theoretical Reflections 345
Joakim Öjendal
Index 373
TABLES
1 Average Annual GDP, Sarawak, 1970–2000 174
2 Major Political Party Funders, Sarawak, 1963–69 179
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Acknowledgements
This book is yet another publication emanating from the multi-
country research project ‘Discourses and Practices of Democracy in
Southeast Asia’, which was funded by the Swedish International
Development Co-operation Agency (SIDA) and the Swedish Agency
for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries (SAREC). We
sincerely thank SIDA/SAREC for their generous support which
sustained the research activities and workshops that facilitated the
completion of this book project.
The research project itself involved the Centre for East and South
East Asian Studies (GESEAS, now Center for Asian Studies, CEAS) of
Göteborg University, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI),
Cambodian Researchers for Development (CRD), Institute of Malay-
sian and International Studies (IKMAS) of Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, and School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. We
would especially like to thank Hans Antlöv, Sven Cederroth and Wil
Burghoorn who as successive directors and project leaders at GESEAS
coordinated the project, and offered their assistance, advice and time
unstintingly.
For the purposes of this comparative book project, it became
necessary to include colleagues, not members of the above institutions
who were researching other Southeast Asian countries, not covered by
the original team of researchers. Thanks to Andrew Aeria, Chua Beng
Huat, Bent Jørgensen, Michael Connors, Carolina López and Eva-Lotta
Hedman who responded to our invitation, we have been able to extend
the scope of coverage of the book. Indeed, thanks to them and the
other contributors, who responded to our requests for rewriting and
updating promptly and with good cheer, we are able to present a
publication not only wide in its coverage, but containing excellent in-
depth analysis as well. Suffice to say it was a pleasure working with
colleagues like them.
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Southeast Asian Responses to Globalization
We very much appreciate the assistance of Leena Höskuldsson,
Gerald Jackson and Janice Leon of NIAS Press, and Teh Gaik Lan and
Leong Ho Ming of School of Social Sciences USM in the preparation of
this volume for publication.
We record our love and thanks to our families who have been most
patient with us.
Francis Loh and Joakim Öjendal
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List of Contributors
Andrew Aeria teaches in the Faculty of Social Sciences, University
Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS). He is particularly interested in the
political economy of development issues, specifically politics and
business and its impact upon electoral politics, democracy and human
rights. He holds a Ph.D. from the London School of Economics and
Political Science.
Hans Antlöv is currently a program officer for the Governance and
Civil Society program with Ford Foundation in Jakarta. He was
previously the Director of the Center for East and Southeast Asian
Studies at Göteborg University.
Dewi Fortuna Anwar, Ph.D., is the Director for Program and Research at
The Habibie Center, and a Research Professor and Deputy Chairman
for Social Sciences and Humanities, at The Indonesian Institute of
Sciences (LIPI). Dr Anwar briefly held the position of Assistant to the
Vice President for Global Affairs and then that of Assistant Minister/
State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, during the Habibie administration.
Dr Anwar obtained her Ph.D. from Monash University, Melbourne,
Australia in 1990 with a thesis entitled ‘ASEAN as an Aspect of
Indonesian Foreign Policy’, and has since published widely on related
issues.
Chua Beng Huat is currently Professor, Asia Research Institute and
Department of Sociology, National University of Singapore, with
research interests in comparative politics in Asia, comparative urban
and housing studies and popular culture and consumerism across
Asia. He is the founding and current co-editor of the Inter-Asia
Cultural Studies. His recent publications include Life is Not Complete
without Shopping (2003) and Communitarian Politics in Asia (2004).
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Southeast Asian Responses to Globalization
Michael Kelly Connors teaches politics and development studies at La
Trobe University, Melbourne. He is the author of Democracy and
National Identity in Thailand (RoutledgeCurzon 2003) and co-author
with Remy Davison and Joern Dosch of The New Global Politics of the
Asia-Pacific (RoutledgeCurzon, 2004). He has published articles in
journals such as the Journal of Contemporary Asia, Democratization and
Thamyris – an International Feminist Journal of Inquiry.
Eva-Lotta E. Hedman is Senior Research Fellow at Queen Elizabeth
House, University of Oxford. She holds a doctorate from Cornell
University. Her research and writing has focused on politics and
society in contemporary Southeast Asia. She is the author of In the
Name of Civil Society: From Free Elections Movements to ‘People Power’ in the
Philippines (University of Hawai‘i Press, forthcoming).
Bent D. Jørgensen is a lecturer at the Department for Peace and
Development Research, Göteborg university. His work has in recent
years mainly focused on the issues of poverty, marginalisation, and
democratisation in upland Vietnam. Ethnicity and conflict in South
Asia and development andnatural resource management are his other
research interests.
Khoo Boo Teik, Associate Professor, School of Social Sciences, Universiti
Sains Malaysia, is the author of Pardoxes of Mahathirism: An Intellectual
Biography of Mahathir Mohamad (1995) and Beyond Mahathir: Malaysian
Politics and its Discontents (2003) He also co-edited with Francis Loh
Kok Wah Democracy in Malaysia: Discourses and Practices (2002).
Francis Loh Kok Wah is Professor of Politics at Universiti Sains Malaysia,
Penang. He received his Ph.D. from Cornell University in Government
and Southeast Asian Studies. His latest publication is New Politics in
Malaysia (co-edited with Johan Saravanamuttu, 2003). He is Secretary
of Aliran, a Malaysian NGO devoted to social and political reform and
a member of Aliran Monthly’s editorial board.
Carolina López, is Professor of International Relations at Univ. Tec de
Monterrey in Chihuahua, México and Visiting Research Fellow with
the Institute of Malaysian and International Studies, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia. Her publications include works such as
‘Ideological-Structural Analysis of External Influences on Human
Rights Discourses in Malaysia’, ‘Ideological-Structural Analysis Micro
x