Southeast Asia: Past & Present PDF
Preview Southeast Asia: Past & Present
Southeast Asia FOURTH EDITION Southeast Asia Past & Present D. R. SarDesai University of California at Los Angeles - .... WestviewPress A Division of HarperCollinsPublishers M For Vandana and Archana All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Copyright © 1989, 1994, 1997 by Westview Press, A Division of HarperCollins Pub lishers, Inc. Published in 1997 in the United States of America by Westview Press, 5500 Central Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80301-2877 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data SarDesai, D. R. Southeast Asia, past & present / D. R. SarDesai.-4th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8133-3301-4 (pbk.) 1. Asia, Southeastern-History. I. Title. DS525.S27 1997 959---dc21 96-37295 CIP ISBN 978-0-333-69412-1 ISBN 978-1-349-25510-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-25510-8 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials 239.48-1984. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Contents Preface to the Fourth Edition VB Preface to the Third Edition Vlll Preface to the Second Edition IX PART ONE CULTURAL HERITAGE 1 The Land and Its People 3 2 Early Kingdoms in Mainland Southeast Asia 22 3 Early Kingdoms of Sumatra and Java 43 4 The Rise of New States: Ayuthaya, Majapahit, and Malacca 51 5 European Intrusion in the Indian Archipelago: The Early Phase 63 6 Mainland Southeast Asia: The Consolidations of Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam 74 Part One Review 82 PART TWO COLONIAL INTERLUDE 7 The English and Dutch in the East Indies 87 8 British Role in the Malay States in the Nineteenth Century 100 9 Pride and Paramountcy: Anglo-Burmese Relations in the Nineteenth Century 110 10 The French in Vietnam and Cambodia 125 11 Thailand Remains Independent 133 Part Two Review 140 PART THREE NATIONALIST RESPONSE 12 Nationalist Movements in Southeast Asia: General 145 13 Filipino Urge for Freedom from Spanish and u.S. Rule 150 14 The Nationalist Movements: Indonesia 166 v vz Contents 15 The Nationalist Movements: Myanmar 176 16 Thailand's Constitutional Revolution 182 17 The Nationalist Movements: Vietnam 187 18 The Nationalist Movements: Malaya, Cambodia, and Laos 196 Part Three Review 204 PART FOUR FRUITS OF FREEDOM 19 Independent Philippines 209 20 Myanmar: Toward Integration and Democracy 233 21 Thailand: Independence at Any Price 252 22 Indonesia: Unity Amid Diversity 266 23 Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei 283 24 Nationalism and Communism in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos 310 25 Vietnam and Cambodia Under Communism 327 Part Four Review and Commentary 355 Chronological Charts 363 Notes 387 Bibliography 396 Index 415 Preface to the Fourth Edition I would like once again to express my sincerest appreciation of the teaching fraternity in numerous colleges and universities, particularly in the United States, Great Britain, and Australia, who took the time to suggest improve ments in the book from the point of view of the teacher and the taught. Such suggestions are most welcome, and I have tried my best to use as many of them as I could. In revising Southeast Asia, Past and Present for the fourth edition, I have had very valuable help from Dr. Chitraporn Tanratnakul and Dr. Usanee Thongchai of the Faculty of Humanities, Chiang Mai University, who care fully read the chapters on Thailand, particularly those on the premodern pe riod, and made useful suggestions. I am appreciative to my former student, Dr. Damon Woods, currently visiting faculty at the University of California at Irvine, for his scholarly insights on the history of the Philippines as well as for suggestions for changes based on his use of the book in the classroom. I am most grateful to the Venerable (Khammai) Dhammasami of Makutarama Burmese Buddhist temple, Colombo, for his appreciative comments on the book and for his time spent in going through the materials on Myanmar carefully and making suggestions to make the book free of errors. D. R. SarDesai August 1996 vu Preface to the Third Edition I would like, first of all, to acknowledge with thanks my indebtedness to the many kind reviewers and college and university professors who used the second edition of the text and sent in their comments and suggestions for improvement. I have done my best to take advantage of all criticisms except for two or three that I found impossible to accept. Much has happened in Southeast Asia since the second edition of South east Asia, Past and Present appeared in 1989. To mention only a few: the settlement of the Cambodian problem under the UN auspices; the break through in U .S.-Vietnam relations; and the award of a Nobel Peace Prize to Madame Suu Kyi, who remains confined by Myanmar's military rulers. In this new edition I cover all major events in Southeast Asia up to mid-1993. I have tried to incorporate all significant research contained in monographs and journal articles published until the end of 1993 and have completely re vised the bibliography. In the aftermath of the dissolution of Western colonial regimes and the ad vent of independence, many newly freed peoples adopted new place-names. Thus, the previous editions of this book used the changed nomenclature: from the Dutch East Indies to Indonesia, Celebes to Sulawesi, and Dutch Borneo to Kalimantan. A resurgent Thailand, which never fell formally under Western colonial domination, dropped its old name, Siam, twice-in the 1930s and 1940s-finally to settle in 1949 on Prathet Tai or Thailand. When Cambodia became Communist in 1975, its name was changed to Kampuchea; on April 30, 1989, contrary to the general trend, its colonial name, Cambodia, was readopted. The Vietnamese Communists marked their victory in 1975 by renaming Saigon after Ho Chi Minh. Burma became Myanmar on June 18, 1989, and its capital, Rangoon, became Yangon. Most scholars, journalists, and even Myanmar government publications, however, continue to refer to the people of that country as Burmese and the majority community as Burmans. I have followed that practice in this edition. D. R. SarDesai December 1993 VlZt Preface to the Second Edition Most general historians of Southeast Asia, with the notable exceptions of D.G.E. Hall, Georges Coedes, and John F. Cady, have given an undue em phasis to the period of European rule. They have consequently treated the pre-European period merely as a prologue to the understanding of the colo nial rule. Such a treatment, condemned first by the Dutch scholar J. C. van Leur as providing a Eurocentric view regarding Indonesian history, for ex ample, "from the deck of the ship, the ramparts of the fortress, the high gallery of the trading house," is unacceptable to most contemporary his torians. On the other hand, the Indian historian-diplomat K. M. Panikkar, a well-known partisan of the Asiacentric viewpoint, has conceded that, quali tatively speaking, the changes brought by Western rule could only be de scribed as "revolutionary." There is no denying that most of the present-day economic, communications, and educational patterns of the region's inde pendent states owe much to the colonial period. Therefore, while focusing on the activities of the indigenous people, I have felt compelled to treat the colonial period as more than an "interlude." A fairly large section of the book consequently is concerned with the Western activity in the region and the indigenous reaction to it. This book is the product of two decades of teaching courses in Southeast Asian history at the University of California, Los Angeles. I appreciate the contribution of many a bright student who raised questions or offered com ments during innumerable discussions in and out of the classroom. These have helped immensely in clarifying my ideas on a wide range of historical problems concerning Southeast Asia. I am also thankful to the many scholars whose monographs, translations, and articles provided a research base for much of what is included in this book. The footnotes, which I have deliberately kept to the minimum, are an inadequate acknowledgement of my debt to those scholars; the bibliography at the end of the volume is a truer measure of it. In a treatment of a region like Southeast Asia, with its diverse ethnic units, states, and two millennia of historical development, there are bound to be gaps in information. In fact, I have tried not to clutter the book with too many details unless they represent major historical landmarks or have rele vance for illuminating a point. After all, modern history writing is not just a record of every event so much as a recollection of and reflection upon the more significant of the happenings. What is attempted here is a broad survey of trends and currents in the historical panorama of the region, combining thematic and chronological approaches. IX x Preface to the Second Edition I must record here my appreciation of the assistance received from several persons. Drafts of this manuscript were read in part or as a whole by several professional colleagues and graduate students. I am particularly thankful to Mark McLeod and Ingelise Lanman, who read the entire manuscript from a student's angle and made numerous suggestions for improvement. I am also grateful to Charlotte Spence of UCLA's Research Library for extensive bib liographical assistance and to Jane Bitar, manager, Word Processing for Social Sciences and Humanities, and Nancy Rhan at UCLA for their techni cal assistance with a smile. My deepest appreciation to my wife for her un failing inspiration and encouragement at all times and to my daughters, Van dana and Archana, for their silent (more often than not) sufferance of my erratic schedule, often cutting into the family's leisure hours. D. R. SarDesai
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