Southeast Asia in the New International Era

361 Pages·2013·4.508 MB·English

by  Robert A. Dayley, Clark D. Neher

PRAISE FROM PREVIOUS EDITIONS: SI
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“One of America’s premier Southeast Asia scholars, Clark Neher, and his co-author, H
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Robert Dayley, assess the major regional players and issues in this new edition of the highly ea DI
regarded Southeast Asia in the New International Era. Exploring the current impact of transnational heyle TIO
terrorism, globalization, economic volatility, and the region’s relations with the great powers, ry N
this volume is an excellent choice for students, business people, and policymakers.”
—SHELDON SIMON, ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
“Robert Dayley and Clark Neher have written a superb survey describing political developments in
Southeast Asia and explaining the historical and cultural underpinnings that have contributed to
these developments. Their balanced and insightful analysis is a must-read for students and profes- NS
sionals who aspire to better understand Southeast Asia’s significance in a new international era.” O
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—JOHN J. BRANDON, THE ASIA FOUNDATION wU
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Southeast Asia in the New International Era, Sixth Edition highlights the dramatic political events sweeping I
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a dynamic region populated by more than 500 million people. Where economic boom and crisis dominated
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events in the late twentieth century, economic recovery and policy dilemmas define much of the region eE
today. Political cleavage continues to bedevil Thailand’s intermittent democratization. Vietnam’s single-party rA
rule fosters ever-tighter political control as it reacts to uneven economic growth. Surprising many, Burma’s nS
once-closed polity now shows signs of genuine reform and openness. Elsewhere, patronage politics continues aT
to inhibit development in the Philippines even as it fuels unprecedented growth in Cambodia and Laos. t
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Indonesia, home to the world’s largest Muslim population, breaks new ground with young democratic insti- oS
tutions while neighboring Malaysia deals with mass protest generated by simmering aspirations for greater nI
democracy. Representing the greatest contrast in the region is the rich and stable corporatist state of Singapore aA
versus the economically poor and politically fragile democracy of Timor-Leste. Amidst domestic developments, l i
ASEAN’s global profile continues to rise as the region’s governments address a growing array of transnational n
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concerns. This newly revised edition examines these developments and many others affecting the region and rt
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international political economy. ae

ROBERT DAYLEY is professor of international political economy and Asian studies at The College of Idaho and is
the 2011 CASE-Carnegie Foundation Idaho Professor of the Year.
CLARK D. NEHER is emeritus Distinguished Teaching Professor of political science and former director of the
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Center for Southeast Asian Studies at Northern Illinois University. i
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COVER IMAGE © RICHARD WAINWRIGHT/CORBIS h
COVER DESIGN: MIGUEL SANTANA & WENDY HALITZER

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New International Era
A MEMBER OF THE PERSEUS BOOKS GROUP RRoobbeerrtt DDaayylleeyy aanndd CCllaarrkk DD.. NNeehheerr
www.westviewpress.com
www.perseusacademic.com
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SIXTH EDITION
Southeast Asia
in the
New International Era
(cid:2)
R D
OBERT AYLEY
The College of Idaho
C D. N
LARK EHER
Northern Illinois University
A Member of the Perseus Books Group
08313347547-text_Layout 1 1/7/13 12:39 PM Page ii
Westview Press was founded in 1975 in Boulder, Colorado, by notable
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Copyright © 2013 by Westview Press
Published by Westview Press,
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All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this
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Designed by Linda Mark
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Dayley, Robert.
Southeast Asia in the new international era / Robert Dayley, Clark D. Neher.
—6th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8133-4754-7 (pbk. : alk. paper)—
ISBN 978-0-8133-4755-4 (e-book) 1. Southeast Asia—Politics and govern-
ment—1945- 2. Southeast Asia—Politics and government—21st century.
3. Southeast Asia—Foreign relations. I. Neher, Clark D. II. Title.
DS526.7.N45 2013
959.05'4—dc23
2012039739
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Contents
Preface and Acknowledgments, vii
Preface and Acknowledgments to the Sixth Edition, ix
Acronyms, xi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
Map of Southeast Asia, 2
Influences and Experiences, 3
Shared Social Patterns, 9
The New International Era, 12
Comparing Political Regimes, 21
Notes, 24
2 THAILAND 27
Map of Thailand, 28
Institutions and Social Groups, 50
State-Society Relations and Democracy, 57
Economy and Development, 61
Foreign Relations, 65
Conclusion, 69
Notes, 70
Resource Guide, 71
3 MYANMAR (BURMA) 73
Map of Myanmar (Burma), 74
Institutions and Social Groups, 88
State-Society Relations and Democracy, 94
Economy and Development, 96
Foreign Relations, 99
iii
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iv Contents
Conclusion, 101
Notes, 102
Resource Guide, 103
4 VIETNAM 105
Map of Vietnam, 106
Institutions and Social Groups, 115
State-Society Relations and Democracy, 118
Economy and Development, 121
Foreign Relations, 126
Conclusion, 132
Notes, 133
Resource Guide, 134
5 CAMBODIA 137
Map of Cambodia, 138
Institutions and Social Groups, 152
State-Society Relations and Democracy, 156
Economy and Development, 159
Foreign Relations, 161
Conclusion, 164
Notes, 164
Resource Guide, 166
6 LAOS 167
Map of Laos, 168
Institutions and Social Groups, 173
State-Society Relations and Democracy, 177
Economy and Development, 178
Foreign Relations, 181
Conclusion, 183
Notes, 183
Resource Guide, 184
7 THE PHILIPPINES 187
Map of The Philippines, 188
Institutions and Social Groups, 201
State-Society Relations and Democracy, 210
Economy and Development, 212
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Contents v
Foreign Relations, 215
Conclusion, 218
Notes, 219
Resource Guide, 221
8 INDONESIA 223
Map of Indonesia, 224
Institutions and Social Groups, 237
State-Society Relations and Democracy, 244
Economy and Development, 247
Foreign Relations, 251
Conclusion, 253
Notes, 254
Resource Guide, 256
9 TIMOR-LESTE 259
Map of Timor-Leste, 260
Institutions and Social Groups, 266
State-Society Relations and Democracy, 269
Economy and Development, 271
Foreign Relations, 273
Conclusion, 274
Notes, 275
Resource Guide, 276
10 MALAYSIA 277
Map of Malaysia, 278
Institutions and Social Groups, 288
State-Society Relations and Democracy, 293
Economy and Development, 295
Foreign Relations, 298
Conclusion, 299
Notes, 300
Resource Guide, 301
11 SINGAPORE 303
Map of Singapore, 304
Institutions and Social Groups, 308
State-Society Relations and Democracy, 312
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vi Contents
Economy and Development, 315
Foreign Relations, 318
Conclusion, 319
Notes, 320
Resource Guide, 321
12 BRUNEI 323
Map of Brunei, 324
Institutions and Social Groups, 326
State-Society Relations and Democracy, 329
Economy and Development, 330
Foreign Relations, 331
Conclusion, 331
Notes, 332
Resource Guide, 332
Index, 333
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Preface and Acknowledgments
T
HIS BOOK RESULTS FROM INFORMATION GATHERED DURING MANY
trips to Southeast Asia. I am grateful to the National Science, Ford, and
Fulbright foundations, the United States Information Agency, and the
United States-Indochina Reconciliation Project for their generous assistance
during the lengthier stays. I am also indebted to the faculty and staff of Chu-
lalongkorn University, Thammasat University, Prince of Songkla University
at Had Yai and Pattani, Chiang Mai University, Payap University in Thai-
land, and the University of San Carlos in the Philippines for their intellectual
and material support of my work at their campuses.
During my career as a student of Southeast Asian politics, I have learned
much from colleagues who share my interest. I am especially indebted to
M. Ladd Thomas, Danny Unger, and Dwight King in the Department of
Political Science at Northern Illinois University. They have provided gen-
erous intellectual and collegial counsel. Similar support has come from
Ronald Provencher, Judy Ledgerwood, Susan Russell, Constance Wilson,
and Mai Kyi Win, all associates of NIU’s Center for Southeast Asian Stud-
ies. April Davis, Karen Schweitzer, Sandi Holloway, and Nancy Schune-
man contributed outstanding administrative support, and David Oldfield,
Paul Chambers, Chandra Mahajakana, Bryan Hunsaker, Todd Culp, Ted
Mayer, Robert Dayley, and Warner Winborne provided superb research
assistance. Both undergraduate and graduate students at Northern Illinois
University have contributed to this book as well through their enthusiastic
interest in the Southeast Asian region. It is gratifying to have taught these
students, many of whom are now among the new generation of scholars of
Southeast Asia.
Although I accept responsibility for all errors and misinterpretations,
many scholars of Southeast Asia will see their ideas reflected in Southeast
Asia in the New International Era. Among those scholars who have helped
shape my views are David Wilson, Donn Hart, Michael Aung-Thwin, Ansil
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VIII Prefaceand Acknowledgments
Ramsay, Prasert Bhandachart, Bidhya Bowornwathana, Kusuma Snit-
wongse, Suchit Bunbongkarn, Randy Fertel, Danny Unger, Gary Suwan-
narat, David Adams, Sheldon Simon, Chai-Anana Samudavanija, Tanun
Anuman-Rajadhon, Sukhumbhand Paribatra, Proserpina Tapales, John
McAuliff, Anek Laothamathas, Panitan Wattanayagorn, Carolina Hernan-
dez, Ross Marlay, Nara Ganesan, and Narong Sinsawasdi.
Clark D. Neher
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Preface and Acknowledgments
to the Sixth Edition
WHEN PROFESSOR CLARK NEHER FIRST INVITED ME TO COAUTHOR
Southeast Asia in the New International Era, I accepted without hesi-
tation. My deep sense of gratitude to him alone would not allow me to decline.
As his student and research assistant at Northern Illinois University, where
I completed doctoral work in the 1990s, I was the recipient of his superior
academic guidance and his fatherly interest in the well-being of my young
family. Professor Neher is the consummate scholar and gentleman. For
many of his former students, he is a model professor. Accepting the chal-
lenge to extend the life of this text beyond his retirement is a small token of
my personal appreciation for his years of mentorship.
The final edition of Southeast Asia in the New International Eraauthored
solely by Clark Neher was the fourth edition, which went to press shortly af-
ter the events of September 11, 2001. For the fifth edition, published in 2010,
I revised and updated content, added maps, included a new chapter on
Timor-Leste, and added new “Resource Guides” to each country chapter to
help students launch more effective Internet searches. These same features
continue in the sixth edition.
For the sixth edition, the introduction and country chapters are now fully
revised and updated through August 2012. I also rearranged the country
chapters according to standard mainland and insular divisions of Southeast
Asia. The chapters can be read in any order, and their new arrangement in no
way infers their relative importance or regional significance. Readers familiar
with previous editions will also notice that chapter sections on “Democratiza-
tion” and “The State” have been merged for analytical reasons into a single
section now titled “State-Society Relations and Democracy.” This new edition
also includes an updated set of maps, new data tables in chapter 1, and greater
coverage of the ongoing disputes over islands in the South China Sea in the
chapters on Vietnam and the Philippines. With hindsight always expanding,
ix