South-South Migration: Implications for Social Policy and Development PDF
Preview South-South Migration: Implications for Social Policy and Development
Social Policy in a Development Context Social Policy in a Development Context is a series which places social policy at the centre of research while maintaining the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD)’s unifi ed approach to social development. The series provides a new and exciting contribution to the literature in economic develop- ment and social policy. In economic development, social policy has been recog- nized as an integral part of development, but the literature often falls short of elaborating social policy for a unifi ed approach to economic and social develop- ment. In social policy, analysis has concentrated mainly on European and North American countries, and studies on developing countries often lack comparative rigour. The bridge between economic development and social policy will not only contribute to academic research but also inform policy debates at the international and national levels. Titles include: ‘Jìmí O. Adésínà (editor) SOCIAL POLICY IN SUB- SAHARAN AFRICAN CONTEXT In Search of Inclusive Development Yusuf Bangura (editor) DEMOCRACY AND SOCIAL POLICY Giovanni Andrea Cornia (editor) PRO- POOR MACROECONOMICS Potential and Limitations Katja Hujo and Shea McClanahan (editors) FINANCING SOCIAL POLICY Mobilizing Resources for Social Development Katja Hujo and Nicola Piper (editors) SOUTH- SOUTH MIGRATION Implications for Social Policy and Development Olli Kangas and Joakim Palme (editors) SOCIAL POLICY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE NORDIC COUNTRIES Massoud Karshenas and Valentine M. Moghadam (editors) SOCIAL POLICY IN THE MIDDLE EAST Political, Economics and Gender Dynamics Huck- Ju Kwon (editor) THE DEVELOPMENTAL WELFARE STATE AND POLICY REFORMS IN EAST ASIA Maureen Mackintosh and Meri Koivusalo (editors) COMMERCIALIZATION OF HEALTH CARE Global and Local Dynamics and Policy Responses Thandika Mkandawire (editor) SOCIAL POLICY IN A DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT Naren Prasad (editor) SOCIAL POLICIES, AND PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN WATER SUPPLY Beyond Regulation Shahra Razavi and Shireen Hassim (editors) GENDER AND SOCIAL POLICY IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT Uncovering the Gendered Structure of ‘the Social’ Manuel Riesco (editor) LATIN AMERICA A New Developmental Welfare State Model in the Making? Social Policy in a Development Context Series Standing Order ISBN 978–1–4039–4295–1 (hardback) 978–1–4039–4296–8 (paperback) (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a stand- ing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of diffi culty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England South–South Migration Implications for Social Policy and Development Edited by Katja Hujo and Nicola Piper © UNRISD 2010 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2010 978-0-230-27158-6 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2010 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-32265-7 ISBN 978-0-230-28337-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230283374 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data South-south migration : implications for social policy and development / edited by Katja Hujo and Nicola Piper. p. cm. — (Social policy in a development context) ISBN 978-1-349-32265-7 1. Developing countries—Social policy. 2. Economic development— Developing countries. 3. Developing countries—Emigration and immigration—Economic aspects. I. Hujo, Katja. II. Piper, Nicola. HN980.S638 2010 304.809172'4—dc22 2010023868 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 Contents List of Tables and Figures vi Preface vii Katja Hujo and Nicola Piper List of Abbreviations and Acronyms x Notes on the Contributors xii 1 Linking Migration, Social Development and Policy in the South – An Introduction 1 Katja Hujo and Nicola Piper 2 The Implications of Migration for Gender and Care Regimes in the South 46 Eleonore Kofman and Parvati Raghuram 3 Human Resource Flows from and between Developing Countries: Implications for Social and Public Policies 84 Jean-B aptiste Meyer 4 Migration and Social Development: Organizational and Political Dimensions 120 Nicola Piper 5 Remittances, Migration and Development: Policy Options and Policy Illusions 158 Hein de Haas 6 Migration and Poverty: Linkages, Knowledge Gaps and Policy Implications 190 Arjan de Haan and Shahin Yaqub 7 Towards Inclusive Migration and Social Policy Regimes – C onclusion 220 Katja Hujo and Nicola Piper Index 230 v List of Tables and Figures Tables 1.1 Migration and the roles of social policy 18 3.1 Average emigration rate to OECD per region and gender, for the tertiary educated (percentage) 93 3.2 Breakdown of Diaspora Knowledge Networks, by regions of origin 103 5.1 Remittances, 2008 173 Figures 2.1 The care diamond 52 vi Preface In search of employment opportunities and better incomes, people around the globe seek to improve their lives by migrating abroad. For developing countries in particular, migration is often crucial for securing livelihoods, offering protection and allowing for investments in social services for migrants and household members left behind. Deciding where to live and work is also a genuine expression of human freedom, as the 2009 Human Development Report (Overcoming Barriers: Human Mobility and Development) has rightly underscored. However, all too often migrants confront insurmountable barriers that frustrate their efforts to move in the first place or that turn their migration experience into a journey of suffering, humiliation, loss of rights and resources and inability to reap benefits for themselves and their families. Social policy has a central role to play in maximizing the benefits of migration for migrants, accompanying family members or those left behind, as well as for sending and receiving countries. Social policy has the potential to benefit all people living in a country regardless of whether they are nationals, foreign residents or immigrants, by foster- ing w ell- being, social cohesion and development. The motivation driv- ing this book project was the apparent lack of research and conceptual approaches on the relationship between social policy and migration with regard to developing countries. Whereas development researchers focus almost exclusively on the economic impact of remittances and skilled labour migration (so called brain drain), social policy issues are mainly discussed in the context of migrants’ integration into developed welfare systems in the North. What migration means for social welfare, social institutions and social relations in developing source and host countries is mostly neglected, as are questions regarding the appropriate policy answers and governance arrangements to deal with S outh– South migration. This book uses several entry points for unpacking and systematically analysing the social dimensions of migration and its implications for social policy. We asked contributors to refer explicitly to movements between developing countries, also labelled South– South migration, which have so far received far less attention than migration from the South to the North. Admittedly, the dearth of knowledge and data on South– South migration allows for relatively tentative and exploratory vii viii Preface analyses, with an emphasis on identifying research gaps and appropriate research questions to guide future analyses on these issues. Key messages from this volume therefore point out the need to conduct more research on migration flows between developing countries, to consider migra- tion as an integral part of social policy making and to link national, regional and global debates on migration and development. We would like to express our gratitude to a number of individuals and institutions that have contributed to the completion of this book. This project was possible through the generous funds made available by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and co- funding from the Institute for Futures Studies (IFS). Papers commissioned for this project were presented and discussed at an International Conference on Social Policy and Migration that took place in Stockholm on 22–3 November 2007. We would like to thank our project partners Dr Joakim Palme, Director of the IFS in Stockholm, and Dr Frank Laczko, Chief of the Research and Publications Division of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in Geneva, for their important inputs in shaping the programme and contributing to the discussion. We would further like to thank staff at the IFS, especially Julia Falkerby and Helena Rantanikunen, for so wonderfully taking care of the logistics and o n- site arrangements involved in getting the confer- ence off the ground and ensuring that it went so smoothly. We would also like to acknowledge the input of various colleagues who generously took the time to make constructive comments on the early drafts of the individual chapters (which was an anonymous pro- cedure, hence we will not name them here) as well as our introduction and conclusion chapters. We are especially indebted to Dr Christine Kuptsch, Dr Gery Nijenhuis and Dr Rachel S abates- Wheeler for com- menting upon the entire manuscript. A number of colleagues at the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) were involved in reviewing the individual chapters, and special thanks go to Shahra Razavi and Kléber Ghimire for their input and support. An edited book depends on willing contributors and we want to thank all of the authors for their initial interest, perseverance and patience throughout the ‘production’ process. We further thank Dr Jane Pillinger, Professor Binod Khadria, Professor Aderanti Adepoju and Dr Andrés Solimano for their background papers which were pre- sented at the conference in Stockholm and which we, the editors, draw on in our introduction chapter. We as editors also owe a great deal of gratitude to the various research analysts and interns working at UNRISD who were involved in s haping Preface ix and editing the chapters at the various stages of this publication project. These are: Shea McClanahan (former research analyst), Elena Gaia (research analyst) and Nora El Qadim, Soyoung Yu, Muhabbat Mahmudova, Christy McConnell, Christy Campbell and Maria Garrone (former interns). Invaluable editorial and formatting assistance was further given by Anita Tombez, and Suroor Alikhan. Jenifer Freedman helped us with our dealings with the publisher, accompanying us with her competent advice throughout the whole process. Thanks are also due to Véronique Martinez, Sylvie Liu, Josephine Grin- Yates and Alexander Dénis for their support on administrative issues and dissemination of this project. As is the case with all UNRISD projects, work on the project Social Policy and Migration in Developing Countries would not have been possi- ble without the core funding provided by the governments of D enmark, Finland, M exico, N orway, South Africa, S weden, S witzerland and the United Kingdom. We take this opportunity to express our gratitude. Katja Hujo and Nicola Piper December 2009
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