South America; Latin America Region, 1977–1980 PDF
Preview South America; Latin America Region, 1977–1980
FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES 1977–1980 Volume XXIV SOUTH AMERICA; LATIN AMERICA REGION DEPARTMENT OF STATE Washington 398-503/428-S/40021 11/28/2018 DEPARTMENTOFSTATE OfficeoftheHistorian BureauofPublicAffairs ForsalebytheSuperintendentofDocuments,U.S.GovernmentPublishingOffice Internet:bookstore.gpo.gov Phone:tollfree(866)512-1800; DCarea(202)512-1800 Fax:(202)512-2250Mail:StopIDCC,Washington,DC20402-0001 398-503/428-S/40021 11/28/2018 About the Series TheForeignRelationsoftheUnitedStatesseriespresentstheofficial documentary historical record of major foreign policy decisions and significantdiplomaticactivityoftheU.S.Government.TheHistorianof theDepartmentofStateischargedwiththeresponsibilityfortheprep- arationoftheForeignRelationsseries.ThestaffoftheOfficeoftheHisto- rian,BureauofPublicAffairs,underthedirectionoftheGeneralEditor oftheForeignRelationsseries,plans,researches,compiles,andeditsthe volumesintheseries.SecretaryofStateFrankB.Kelloggfirstpromul- gatedofficialregulationscodifyingspecificstandardsfortheselection andeditingofdocumentsfortheseriesonMarch26,1925.Theseregu- lations,withminor modifications,guidedthe seriesthrough1991. Public Law 102–138, the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, es- tablishedanewstatutorycharterforthepreparationoftheserieswhich was signed by President George H.W. Bush on October 28, 1991. Sec- tion 198 of P.L. 102–138 added a new Title IV to the Department of State’sBasicAuthoritiesAct of 1956 (22U.S.C. 4351,etseq.). ThestatuterequiresthattheForeignRelationsseriesbeathorough, accurate,andreliablerecordofmajorU.S.foreignpolicydecisionsand significant U.S. diplomatic activity. The volumes of the series should include all records needed to provide comprehensive documentation ofmajor foreignpolicy decisions andactionsof the U.S. Government. The statute also confirms the editing principles established by Secre- taryKellogg: theForeign Relationsseries isguidedby the principles of historicalobjectivityandaccuracy;recordsshouldnotbealteredorde- letions made without indicating in the published text that a deletion hasbeenmade;thepublishedrecordshouldomitnofactsthatwereof majorimportanceinreachingadecision;andnothingshouldbeomit- tedforthepurposesofconcealingadefectinpolicy.Thestatutealsore- quires that the Foreign Relations series be published not more than 30 yearsaftertheeventsrecorded.Theeditorsareconvincedthatthisvol- ume meets all regulatory, statutory, and scholarly standards of selec- tionandediting. SourcesfortheForeignRelations Series TheForeignRelations statuterequires thatthe published record in theForeignRelationsseriesincludeallrecordsneededtoprovide com- prehensive documentation of major U.S. foreign policy decisions and significantU.S.diplomaticactivity.Itfurtherrequiresthatgovernment agencies, departments, and other entities of the U.S. Government en- III 398-503/428-S/40021 12/04/2018 IV AbouttheSeries gaged in foreign policy formulation, execution, or support cooperate withtheDepartmentofStatehistoriansbyprovidingfullandcomplete accesstorecordspertinenttoforeignpolicydecisionsandactionsand byprovidingcopiesofselectedrecords.Mostofthesourcesconsulted inthepreparationofthisvolumehavebeendeclassifiedandareavail- able for review at the National Archives and Records Administration (ArchivesII),in CollegePark,Maryland. Theeditorsof the ForeignRelations series have complete access to alltheretiredrecordsandpapersoftheDepartmentofState:thecentral filesoftheDepartment;thespecialdecentralizedfiles(“lotfiles”)ofthe Departmentatthebureau,office,anddivisionlevels;thefilesoftheDe- partment’sExecutiveSecretariat,whichcontaintherecordsofinterna- tional conferences and high-level official visits, correspondence with foreignleadersbythePresidentandSecretaryofState,andthememo- randaofconversationsbetweenthePresidentandtheSecretaryofState and foreign officials; and the files of overseas diplomatic posts. All of theDepartment’scentralfilesfor 1977–1981areavailablein electronic or microfilm formats at Archives II, and may be accessed using the Access to Archival Databases (AAD) tool. Almost all of the Depart- ment’s decentralized office files covering this period, which the Na- tionalArchivesdeemsworthyofpermanentretention,havebeentrans- ferred to or are in the process of being transferred from the Department’scustodytoArchives II. ResearchforForeignRelationsvolumesisundertakenthroughspe- cialaccesstorestricteddocumentsattheJimmyCarterPresidentialLi- braryandotheragencies.Whileallthematerialprintedinthisvolume hasbeendeclassified,someofitisextractedfromstill-classifieddocu- ments. The staff of the Carter Library is processing and declassifying manyofthedocumentsusedinthisvolume,buttheymaynotbeavail- able in their entirety at the time of publication. Presidential papers maintained and preserved at the Carter Library include some of the most significant foreign-affairs related documentation from White House offices, the Department of State, and other federal agencies in- cludingtheNationalSecurityCouncil,theCentralIntelligenceAgency, theDepartment of Defense,andthe JointChiefs of Staff. Some of the research for volumes in this subseries was done in CarterLibraryrecordcollectionsscannedfortheRemoteArchiveCap- ture(RAC)project.Thisproject,whichisadministeredbytheNational ArchivesandRecordsAdministration’sOfficeofPresidentialLibraries, was designed to coordinate the declassification of still-classified recordsheldinvariousPresidentiallibraries.Asaresultofthewayin whichrecordswerescannedfortheRAC,theeditorsoftheForeignRe- lationsserieswerenotalwaysabletodeterminewhetherattachmentsto agivendocumentwereinfactattachedtothepapercopyofthedocu- 398-503/428-S/40021 12/04/2018 AbouttheSeries V mentintheCarterLibraryfile.Insuchcases,someeditorsoftheForeign Relationsserieshaveindicatedthisambiguitybystatingthattheattach- mentswere “Notfoundattached.” EditorialMethodology Thedocumentsarepresentedchronologicallyaccordingtotimein Washington,DC.Memorandaofconversationareplacedaccordingto thetimeanddateoftheconversation,ratherthanthe date the memo- randumwas drafted. EditorialtreatmentofthedocumentspublishedintheForeignRela- tionsseriesfollowsOfficestyleguidelines,supplementedbyguidance fromtheGeneralEditorandtheChiefoftheDeclassificationandPub- lishing Division. The original document is reproduced as exactly as possible,includingmarginaliaorothernotations,whicharedescribed in the footnotes. Texts are transcribed and printed according to ac- ceptedconventionsfor thepublication of historical documents within thelimitationsofmoderntypography.Aheadinghasbeensuppliedby theeditorsforeachdocumentincludedinthevolume.Spelling,capital- ization,andpunctuationareretainedasfoundin theoriginal text, ex- cept that obvious typographical errors are silently corrected. Other mistakes and omissions in the documents are corrected by bracketed insertions:acorrectionis set initalictype; an addition in roman type. Words or phrases underlined in the original document are printed in italics. Abbreviations and contractions are preserved as found in the original text, and a list of abbreviations and terms is included in the front matter of each volume. In telegrams, the telegram number (in- cludingspecialdesignatorssuchasSecto) isprinted atthe startof the textof the telegram. Bracketed insertions are also used to indicate omitted text that dealswithanunrelatedsubject(inromantype)orthatremainsclassi- fied after declassification review (in italic type). The amount and, where possible, the nature of the material not declassified has been notedbyindicatingthenumberoflinesorpagesoftextthatwereomit- ted.Entiredocumentswithheldafterdeclassificationreviewhavebeen accountedforandarelistedintheirchronologicalplacewithheadings, sourcenotes,and thenumber of pagesnotdeclassified. Allbracketsthatappearintheoriginaldocumentaresoidentified inthe footnotes.Allellipsesare inthe originaldocuments. The first footnote to each document indicates the sources of the document and its original classification, distribution, and drafting in- formation.Thisnotealsoprovidesthebackgroundofimportantdocu- ments and policies and indicates whether the President or his major policyadvisers read the document. 398-503/428-S/40021 12/04/2018 VI AbouttheSeries Editorial notes and additional annotation summarize pertinent materialnotprinted inthe volume, indicate the location of additional documentary sources, provide references to important related docu- mentsprintedinothervolumes,describekeyevents,andprovidesum- mariesofandcitationstopublicstatementsthatsupplementandeluci- date the printed documents. Information derived from memoirs and other first-hand accounts has been used when appropriate to supple- mentorexplicatethe official record. Thenumbersintheindexrefertodocumentnumbersrather than topagenumbers. AdvisoryCommittee onHistoricalDiplomatic Documentation The Advisory Committee on Historical Diplomatic Documenta- tion,establishedundertheForeignRelationsstatute,monitorstheover- allcompilationandeditorialprocessoftheseriesandadvisesonallas- pects of the preparation of the series and declassification of records. The Advisory Committee does not necessarily review the contents of individual volumes in the series, but it makes recommendations on issuesthatcometoitsattentionandreviewsvolumesasitdeemsneces- sarytofulfill itsadvisoryand statutoryobligations. DeclassificationReview The Office of Information Programs and Services, Bureau of Ad- ministration,conductedthedeclassificationreviewfortheDepartment of State of the documents published in this volume. The review was conducted in accordance with the standards set forth in Executive Order 13526 on Classified National Security Information and appli- cablelaws. Theprincipleguidingdeclassificationreviewistoreleaseallinfor- mation,subjectonlytothecurrentrequirementsofnationalsecurityas embodied in law and regulation. Declassification decisions entailed concurrence of the appropriate geographic and functional bureaus in theDepartmentofState,otherconcernedagenciesoftheU.S.Govern- ment,andtheappropriateforeigngovernmentsregardingspecificdoc- uments of those governments. The declassification review of this vol- ume,whichbeganin 2016andwas completedin2017,resulted in the decisiontowithhold7documentsinfull,exciseaparagraphormorein 6documents,andmakeminorexcisionsoflessthanaparagraphin44 documents. TheOfficeoftheHistorianisconfident,onthebasisoftheresearch conductedinpreparingthisvolumeandasaresultofthedeclassifica- tionreviewprocessdescribedabove,thatthedocumentationandedito- rial notes presented here provide a thorough, accurate, and reliable 398-503/428-S/40021 12/04/2018 AbouttheSeries VII recordoftheCarteradministration’spolicytowardSouthAmericaand theLatinAmericaregion. AdamHoward Acting Historian Bureauof Public Affairs December 2018 398-503/428-S/40021 12/04/2018 Preface StructureandScope oftheForeign Relations Series This volume is part of a subseries of volumes of the Foreign Rela- tions series that documents the most important issues in the foreign policyoftheadministrationofJimmyCarter.Thisvolumedocuments thepoliciesoftheCarteradministrationtowardSouthAmerica,aswell as providing documentation on the goals and policies of the Carter administrationtowardtheLatinAmericaregionasawhole.Forfurther coverage of Latin America, see Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980, Volume XV; Central America, 1977–1980 and Foreign Rela- tionsoftheUnited States, 1977–1980, Volume XXIII; Mexico, Cuba, and theCaribbean. FocusofResearchandPrinciples ofSelectionforForeign Relations, 1977–1980,VolumeXXIV ThisvolumedocumentsU.S.foreignpolicytoward10countriesin SouthAmerica.Italsoincludesaregionalcompilationcontainingdoc- umentation on broad Carter administration goals and issues throughoutLatinAmericaandthe Caribbean. The Carter administration’s human rights policy made both a broadandunpredictableimpactonU.S.relationswithSouthAmerican nations.InEcuador,thepolicyledtheUnitedStatestopressforthefirst free elections in six years, which were held successfully. The same focus on elections in Bolivia, however, could not stave off a period of political instability that saw four coups in just over two years, in- cludingthenotorious“cocainecoup”inJuly1980.U.S.suspicionsthat Argentine military advisors had supported the July 1980 coup in Bo- liviaare alsocovered. The military dictatorships of the Southern Cone interacted with humanrightspolicyincomplexways.OfficialsintheCarteradminis- tration could not agree on the most important goal for U.S. policy towards Argentina. Some officials, led by Assistant Secretary of State forHumanRightsandHumanitarianAffairsPatriciaDerian,soughtto endhumanrightsviolationsinArgentinathroughcontinuouspressure on the Argentine junta. Other officials, more concerned with the sta- bility of the Argentine Government and its economic and other pol- icies,triednottoalienatethejunta,especiallyasitsleader,JorgeVidela, was seen by some administration officials as a moderate and a vital partnerintheefforttoendhumanrightsviolations.Thisvolumecovers in broad strokes U.S. efforts to influence Argentina through financial IX 398-503/428-S/40021 12/04/2018 X Preface instrumentssuchasmilitarysales,grantprograms,anditsvotesinthe internationalfinancialinstitutions. Thisvolumealsotouchesonadministrationperceptionsofthedif- ferentdegreestowhichtheUruguayanandParaguayanGovernments were willing to reform their human rights practices and accept moni- toringfrominternationalbodies,whichledtoacoolingtowardsPara- guay and a warming towards Uruguay over the course of the Carter presidency.Theongoinginvestigationintotheassassinationsofformer ChileanForeignMinisterOrlandoLetelierandU.S.citizenRonniMof- fittinWashingtonin1976alsoledtoadeepchillinU.S.relationswith Chileduring mostof the Carteradministration. Compilations regarding U.S. policy toward a number of other countries focus on issues other than human rights. In Venezuela, the CarteradministrationenjoyedacloseworkingrelationshipwithPresi- dentCarlosAndresPerez,encompassedbysomecooperationonCen- tral America and ongoing investigations into the Cubana Airlines bombingandLetelierassassination.Theadministrationonlypaidocca- sionalhigh-levelattentiontoColombia,mostnotablyduringahostage crisisinvolvingU.S.AmbassadorDiegoAsencio.Thecompilationcov- ering Peru focuses on complex U.S. relations with its leftist military junta, dealing with the Peruvian economic crisis, and eventual elec- tions. U.S. relations with Brazil were generally cool during the Carter administration, with disputes over non-proliferation, trade, and humanrightsat theforefront of bilateralproblems. Thecompilationon the LatinAmericaregionin thisvolume con- tains documentation on broad administration goals in the region and guidingdocumentssuchasPRM–17.Inaddition,theregionalcompila- tioncontainsdocumentationonU.S.policyregardingmultipleborder disputes,includingthedisputeovertheBeagleChannelbetweenChile andArgentina.High-levelmeetingswithmultiplehemisphericleaders are also covered in this compilation, including those head of state meetings which took place in the White House at the time of the signingofthePanamaCanalTreatiesin1977.Finally,theregionalcom- pilationcontains documentation on humanrightspolicy as it affected and was implemented in South America as a whole, including docu- mentationon OperationCondor. Some topics are prominent in the documentary record regarding U.S.policyinSouthAmerica,butare covered inother volumesin the subseries. The administration’s guiding documents regarding human rights policy, including those regarding Deputy Secretary of State Warren Christopher’s Interagency Group on Human Rights and For- eignAssistance,areprintedinForeignRelations,1977–1980,VolumeII, HumanRightsandHumanitarianAffairs.Afewdocumentsregarding U.S. knowledge of the beginning of the dispute between the United 398-503/428-S/40021 12/04/2018
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