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South Africa in World History PDF

208 Pages·2009·3.45 MB·English
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South Africa in World History The New Oxford World History South Africa in World History Iris Berger 1 2009 1 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2009 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Berger, Iris. South Africa in world history / Iris Berger. p. cm. — (The new Oxford world history) Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: “Discusses the history of South Africa from the early centuries of the Common Era to the present day and addresses broad themes of world history such as colonialism, white settlement, nationalism and reconciliation” —Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-0-19-515754-3 (hardcover)—ISBN 978-0-19-533793-8 (pbk.) 1. South Africa—History. I. Title. DT1787.B47 2009 968—dc22 2008036666 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Frontispiece: Archbishop Desmond Tutu, head of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and Alex Boraine, commissioner, greeting witnesses at the fi rst hearing of the commission on April 15, 1996, in East London. AP Photo / Mike Hutchings. For Leo This page intentionally left blank Contents Editors’ Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi CHAPTER 1 Ancestors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 CHAPTER 2 Bitter Almond Hedges: Colonization, Servitude, and Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 CHAPTER 3 New Frontiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 CHAPTER 4 Minerals, War, and Unifi cation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 CHAPTER 5 Worlds Apart: A New Racial Divide . . . . . . . . . . . 85 CHAPTER 6 Nationalisms in Confl ict: The Rise of Apartheid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 CHAPTER 7 “No Easy Walk to Freedom” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 CHAPTER 8 Democracy and Its Discontents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175 Web Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184 This page intentionally left blank Editors’ Preface T his book is part of the New Oxford World History, an innova- tive series that offers readers an informed, lively, and up-to-date history of the world and its people that represents a signifi cant change from the “old” world history. Only a few years ago, world history generally amounted to a history of the West—Europe and the United States—with small amounts of information about the rest of the world. Some versions of the old world history drew attention to every part of the world except Europe and the United States. Readers of that kind of world history might get the impression that somehow the rest of the world was made up of exotic people who had strange customs and spoke diffi cult languages. Still another kind of “old” world his- tory presented the story of areas or peoples of the world by focusing primarily on the achievements of great civilizations. Readers learned of great buildings, infl uential world religions, and mighty rulers but little of ordinary people or more general economic and social patterns. Interactions among the world’s peoples were often told from only one perspective. This series has a different perspective on world history. First, it is comprehensive, covering all countries and regions of the world and investigating the total human experience—even those of so-called “peo- ples without histories” living far from the great civilizations. “New” world historians thus share an interest in all of human history, even going back millions of years before there were written human records. A few “new” world histories even extend their focus to the entire uni- verse, a “big history” perspective that dramatically shifts the beginning of the story back to the Big Bang. Some see the “new” global frame- work of world history today in terms of viewing the world from the vantage point of the moon, as one scholar put it. We agree. But we also want to take a close-up view, analyzing and reconstructing the signifi - cant experiences of all of humanity. This is not to say that everything that has happened everywhere and in all time periods can be recovered or is worth knowing, but that there is much to be gained by considering both the separate and interrelated stories of different societies and cultures. Making these connections is still another crucial ingredient of the “new” world history. It emphasizes

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This volume begins in the early centuries of the Common Era with the various groups of people who had settled in southern Africa.. Stone Age foragers, farmers with iron technology, and pastoralists all interacted to create a complex society before Europeans arrived. In the seventeenth century, Dutch
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