Sources of The Making of the West, Volume II: Since 1500: Peoples and Cultures

175 Pages·2012·20.976 MB·English

by  Katharine J. Lualdi

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F 0 R TH EI
·sources of
The Making of the West
PEOPLES AND CULTURES
Sources of
THE
MAKING OF THE WEST
PEOPLES AND CULTURES
Volume II: Since 1500
Sources of
THE MAKING
OF THE WEST
PEOPLES AND CULTURES
Fourth Edition
Volume II: Since 1500
J.
KATHARINE LUALDI
University of Southern Maine
BEDFORD/ST. MARTIN'S Boston + New York
Preface
For Bedford/St. Martin's
Publisher for History: Mary Dougherty
Director for Development for History: Jane Knetzger
Developmental Editor: Annette Fantasia De signed to accompany The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures, Sources
Production Supervisor: Lisa Chow of Ihe Making of the West is intended to help instructors bring the history of
Senior Executive Marketing Manager: Jenna Bookin Barry Western civilization to life for their students. This thoroughly revised collection
Editorial Assistant: Emily DiPietro parallels the major topics and themes covered in each textbook chapter and offers
Project Management: DeMasi Design and Publishing Services
instructors many opportunities to"p romote classroom discussion of primary doc
Permissions Manager: Kalina K. Ingham
uments and their connection to historical analysis. Thus, the sourcebook helps
Cover Designer: Billy Boardman
reveal that the study of history is not fixed but is an ongoing process of evaluation
Cover Art: Celebration on the night of the Exposition Universelle in 1889 on the esplanade of
and interpretation.
the Champs de Mars. Roux, Francois Geoffroy (1811-1882). ©Bridgeman Art Library
This edition contains over thirty new written and visual sources that comple
International, New York.
ment the thematic and chronological framework of the textbook and highlight
Composition: Jeff Miller Book Design
Printing and Binding: RR Donnelley and Sons the intellectual, emotional, and visual landscapes of many different peoples and places.
In resp0onse to.the many insightful suggestions of reviewers who taught with or exam
President: Joan E. Feinberg
ined the previous edition, I selected the documents for this new edition of Sources of
Editorial Director: Denise B. Wydra
The Making of the West both to reflect historians' changing understanding of Western
Director ofM arketing: Karen R. Soeltz
civilization and to underscore the continued relevance of more conventional written
Director ofP roduction: Susan W. Brown
sources. To this end, several classic sources have been added throughout the collection
Associate Director, Editorial Production: Elise S. Kaiser
Manager, Publishing Services: Andrea Cava to provide fuller evidence of key cultural, social, political, economic, and intellectual
developments, from Homer's Odyssey (Chapter 2, Volume I) to Olympe de Gouges's
"Declaration of the Rights of Woman" (Chapter 19, Volume II). These are enhanced
by sources elucidating Europe's connection to the world beyond its borders, such
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011941808
as the "Decree of General Liberty" calling for the emancipation of slaves in St.
Copyright© 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003 by Bedford/St. Martin's Domingue in 1793, which is paired with insurgent leader Bramante Lazzary's
response (Chapter 19, Volume II), and African warrior Ndansi Kumalo's personal
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or account of fighting against British imperialists in the late nineteenth century (Chap
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, ter 23, Volume II).
or otherwise, except as may be expressly permitted by the applicable copyright statutes or
Guided by the textbook's integrated framework, each chapter brings together a
in writing by the Publisher.
variety of source types illuminating historical experience from many perspectives.
For example, in Chapter 17, "The Atlantic System and Its Consequences, 1700-1750;'
Manufactured in the United States of America.
students encounter the social, cultural, political, and intellectual dimensions of the
period, as well as issues of race and gender: Olaudah Equiano's autobiography (Docu
7
ment 1) gives voice to the slaves whose toils fueled the Atlantic system's economy, while
1 k h
the next source, an advertisement extolling the virtues of coffee (Document 2), reveals
For information, write: Bedford/St. Martin's, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116 Europeans' growing appetite for one of the many commodities produced by slave
(617-399-4000) labor. The commercial, technological, and cultural transformations that inspired Rus
sian emperor Peter I's project ofW esternization are palpable in his decrees and statutes
ISBN: 978-0-312-57612-7 that comprise the next document set (Document 3). The final selections by Voltaire
and Mary Astell (Documents 4 and 5) reflect the intellectual products of the era's pros
Acknowledgments perity, optimism, and contradictions.
Acknowledgments and copyrights are continued at the back of the book on pages 323-27,
Visual primary sources add an exciting dimension to students' ability to see and
which constitute an extension of the copyright page.
interpret the past, and this edition includes several new images, from Myron's statue of
a discus thrower in Chapter 3 (Volume I) to a recent political cartoon on the issue of
It is a violation of the law to reproduce these selections by any means whatsoever without
the written permission of the copyright holder.
vi PREFACE PREFACE vii
EU membership in Chapter 29 (Volume II). These sources visually enrich traditional Acknowledgments
written documents while challenging students to read the past (and present) in new
ways. Along with training their minds to analyze texts for meaning, students learn to Many people deserve thanks for helping to bring this fourth edition to fruition.
view images as an equally valuable window into the past. Furthermore, in this edition, First among them are the authors of The Making of the West: Lynn Hunt, Thomas R.
I chose written and nonwritten sources that fit together to elucidate important events Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, and Bonnie G. Smith. Many thanks as well to
and opinions of specific historical eras. For example, Chapter 3 (Volume I) includes revie"".ers of the pr.evious edition, who provided valuable insights and suggestions:
an overhead view of a Greek house and asks students to analyze the division of domes Veromca Bale, M1racosta College; Daniel F. Callahan, University of Delaware;
tic space into male and female domains. It is presented in tandem with the testimony Jason Coy, College of Charleston; Mary Duarte, Cardinal Stritch University;
of a man on trial for murdering his wife's lover who, according to the husband, had Me.aghan Dwyer-Ryan, Boston College; Brian Elsesser, Harris-Stowe State Uni
been sneaking into their house on a regular basis. While defending his actions, the versity; Rebe~ca ~riedman, Florida International University; James E. Higgins,
husband brings to life the social values underlying the allocation of space evident in Kutztown Umve.rs1tyof Pennsylvania; Shereen Ilahi, North Central College; David
the overhead view. Chapter 21 (Volume II) offers another rich pairing by combining a S. Karr, Col~mbia C?lleg~; Matthew Laubacher, Arizona State University; Suzanne
cartoon lambasting the exploitation of English miners, especially children, with the La Vere, Indiana Umvers1ty-Purdue University Fort Wayne; Patrice Lewis, Mont
testimony of miners themselves gathered during parliamentary hearings on working gomer_y County Coi:imunity College; Tanis Lovercheck-Saunders, Casper Col
conditions in mines. Through their words, the miners inject the images in the cartoon lege; Jeffrey L_ee Menwether, Roger Williams University; Jennifer Morris, College
with the flesh and blood of their own experiences living in the industrial age. These of Mount St. Joseph; Anthony Nardini, Rowan University; Donald S. Prudlo, Jack
paired visual and written documents thus deepen the interpretive possibilities of the sonville Sta~e University; Debbie Roberts, Yavapai College; Jason L. Strandquist,
individual sources. Pennsyl~~ma Sta~e U~iversity; Tim Stretton, Saint Mary's University; Miriam
Each document was also selected based on its accessibility, depth in content, and Raub VlVlan, Cahforma State University, Bakersfield; Jason L. Ward, Lee Univer
appeal to students. For this reason, when necessary, I have carefully edited documents sity; Richard Weeks, West Virginia Wesleyan College; Amy Woodson-Boulton,
to speak to specific themes without impairing the documents' overall sense and tone. Loyola Marymount University; and Rick L. Woten, Simpson College.
I have also included documents of varying lengths to increase their utility for both I would also like to thank Anne Thayer, Jeannine Uzzi, Nancy Artz, and Helen
short class exercises and outside writing assignments. Evans for their expertise and editorial assistance with sources new to this edition,
Of course asking the right questions and finding the right answers is at the heart of as well_as the t.eam at Bedford/St. Martin's: Mary Dougherty, Jane Knetzger, Annette
"doing" history. For this reason, Sources of The Making of the West, Fourth Edition, Fantasia, Robm Soule, Emily DiPietro, Andrea Cava, and Kalina Ingham.
begins with an introduction on how to interpret written and visual primary sources
that leads students step-by-step through the process of historical analysis. A brief over
view of what this process entails is followed by an extended discussion of the process at
work in the analysis of two sources drawn specifically from this collection. I adopted
this integrated approach for the Introduction to help students move easily from
abstract concepts to concrete examples. As a result, the Introduction does not rely on
telling students what to do but rather on showing them how to do it for themselves
based on the raw data of history.
To assist students with their journey into the past, each chapter opens with a sum
mary that situates the sources within the broader historical context and addresses their
relationship to one another and to the main themes in the corresponding chapter of
The Making of the West and The Making of the West: A Concise History. An explana
tory headnote accompanies each source to provide fundamental background informa
tion on the author or creator and the source while highlighting its significance. Revised
and expanded discussion questions help students examine key points and issues in
greater depth. Finally, each chapter concludes with at least four comparative questions
intended to encourage students to see both the harmony and discordance among the
sources. Although these editorial features intentionally strengthen the coherence of
each chapter as a unit, they also allow instructors to choose sources and questions that
best suit their specific goals and methods.
Contents
Preface
v
Introduction: Working with Historical Sources
CH APT ER 14 Global Encounters and the Shock
of the Reformation, 1492-1560 15
1. Worlds Collide: Bernal Diaz del Castillo, The True History oft he
Conquest ofN ew Spain (c. 1567) 15
2. Illustrating a Native Perspective: Lienzo de Tlaxcala (c. 1560) 20
3. Defending Native Humanity: Bartolome de Las Casas,
In befenst:.oft he Indians (c. 1548-1550) 21
4. Scripture and Salvation: Martin Luther, Freedom ofa Christian (1520) 24
5. Reforming Christianity: John Calvin, Articles Concerning Predestination
(c. 1560) and The Necessity ofR eforming the Church (1543) 26
6. Responding to Reformation: St. Ignatius of Loyola,
A New Kind ofC atholicism (1546, 1549, 1553) 28
CH APT ER 15 Wars of Religion and Clash of Worldviews,
1560-1648 33
1. Legislating Tolerance: Henry IV, Edict ofN antes (1598) 33
2. Barbarians All: Michel de Montaigne, Of Cannibals (1580s)
37
3. Defending Religious Liberty: Apology oft he Bohemian Estates
(May 25, 1618)
39
4. The Scientific Challenge: Galileo, Letter to the Grand Duchess
Christina (1615)
43
5. The Persecution of Witches: The Trial ofS uzanne Gaudry (1652)
47
CH APT ER 16 Absolutism, Constitutionalism, and the
Search for Order, 1640-1715 54
1. Mercantilism in the Colonies: Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Instructions
(1667, 1668) and A Royal Ordinance (1669) 54
2. Regime Change: The Trial of Charles I (January 1649) 58
3. Civil War and Social Contract: Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (165_1) 63
4. The Consent of the Governed: John Locke, The Second Treatise
of Government (1690) 68
5. Opposing Serfdom: Ludwig Fabritius, The Revolt ofStenka Razin (1670) 72
x CONTENTS CONTENTS xi
c HA p TE R 17 The Atlantic System and Its Consequences, CH APTER 2 0 Napoleon and the Revolutionary Legacy,
1700-1750 75 1800-1830
134
1. Captivity and Enslavement: Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting 1. Napoleon in Egypt: The Chronicle ofA bd al-Rahman al-Jabarti (1798)
134
Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano Written by Himself (1789) 75
2. The Conservative Order: Prince Klemens von Metternich,
2. A "Sober and Wholesome Drink": A Brief Description of the Results of the Congress at Laybach (1821)
137
Excellent Vertues of That Sober and Wholesome Drink,
3. Challenge to Autocracy: Peter Kakhovsky, The Decembrist
Called Coffee (1674) 78
Insurrection in Russia (1825)
140
3. Westernizing Russian Culture: Peter I, Decrees and Statutes
4. The Romantic Imagination: William Wordsworth,
(1701-1723) 82
Preface to Lyrical Ballads (1800)
144
4. Early Enlightenment: Voltaire, Letters Concerning the
5. Musical Romanticism: Reviews ofB eethoven's Works (1799, 1812)
English Nation (1733) 85 148
5. Questioning Women's Submission: Mary Astell, Reflections
CH APT E R 2.1 Industrialization and Social Ferment,
upon Marriage ( 1706) 89
1830-1850
151
c H A p TE R 18 The Promise of Enlightenment, 17 50-1789 95 1. Establishing New Work Habits: Factory Rules in Berlin (1844) 151
2. New Rules for the Middle Class: Sarah Stickney Ellis,
1. Rethinking Modern Civilization: Jean-Jacques Rousseau,
Characteristics of the Women ofE ngland ( 1839)
Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality 154
among Men (1753) 95 . 3. The Division of Labor: Testimony Gathered by Ashley's Mines
Commission (1842) and Punch Magazine, "Capital and Labour"
2. An Enlightened Worker: Jacques-Louis Menetra,
(1843)
Journal of My Life (1764-1802) 101 157
4. What Is the Proletariat?: Friedrich Engels, Draft ofa Communist
3. Reforming the Law: Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and
Confession ofF aith (1847)
Punishments (1764) 103 161
5. Demanding Political Freedom: Address by the Hungarian
4. Reforming Commerce: Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the
Parliament (March 14, 1848) and Demands of the
Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) 107
Hungarian People (March 15, 1848)
166
5. Enlightened Monarchy: Frederick II, Political Testament (1752) 110
6. Imperialism and Opium: Commissioner Lin,
Letter to Queen Victoria (1839)
c HA p TE R 19 The Cataclysm of Revolution, 1789-1799 112 168
1. Defining the Nation: Abbe Sieyes, What Is the Third Estate? (1789) 112 CH APTER 2 2 Politics and Culture of the Nation-State,
1850-1870
2. The People under the Old Regime: Political Cartoon (1815) 117 171
1. Ending Serfdom in Russia: Peter Kropotkin, Memoirs ofa
3. Establishing Rights: National Assembly, The Declaration
Revolutionist (1861)
of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789) 118 171
2. Fighting for Italian Nationalism: Camillo di Cavour,
4. A Call for Women's Inclusion: Olympe de Gouges,
Letter to King Victor Emmanuel (July 24, 1858)
Declaration of the Rights of Woman (1791) 120 174
3. Realpolitik and Otto von Bismarck: Rudolf van Ihering,
5. Defending Terror: Maximilien Robespierre, Report on the
Two Letters (1866)
Principles of Political Morality ( 1794) 124 176
4. Social Evolution: Herbert Spencer, Progress: Its Law and Cause (1857)
6. Liberty for All?: Decree of General Liberty (August 29, 1793) and 178
Bramante Lazzary, General Call to Local Insurgents (August 30, 1793) 128 5. The Science of Man: Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man (1871)
1 Q')
xii
CONTENTS CONTENTS xiii
c HA p TE R 2 3 Empire, Industry, and Everyday Life, CH APTER 2 6 The Great Depression and World War II,
1870-1890 186 1929-1945
243
1. Defending Conquest: Jules Ferry, Speech before the French 1. Socialist Nationalism: Joseph Goebbels, Nazi Propaganda
National Assembly (1883) 186 Pamphlet (1930)
243
2. Resisting Imperialism: Ndansi Kumalo, His Story (1890s) 190
2. The Spanish Civil War: Eyewitness Accounts of the Bombing
of Guernica (1937)
3. Global Competition: Ernest Edwin Williams, Made in Germany 246
(1896) 193 3. Seeking a Diplomatic Solution: Neville Chamberlain,
Speech on the Munich Crisis (1938)
4. The Advance of Unionism: Margaret Bondfield, A Life's Work 249
(1948) 198 4. The Final Solution: Sam Bankhalter and Hinda Kibort,
5. Artistic Expression: Edgar Degas, Notebooks (1863-1884) 200 Memories of the Holocaust ( 1938-1945) 252
5. Atomic Catastrophe: Michihiko Hachiya, Hiroshima Diary
c HA p TE R 2 4 Modernity and the Road to War, 1890-1914 205 (August 7! 1945) 258
1. The Idealized Family: Eugenics Education Society of London,
Eugenics for Citizens: Aim of Eugenics ( c. 1907) 205 CH APT E R 2 7 The Cold War and the Remaking of Europe,
1945-1960s
263
2. Tapping the Human Psyche: Sigmund Freud,
The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) 207 1. Stalin and the Western Threat: The Formation of the
Communist Information Bureau (Cominform) (1947)
263
3. The Dreyfus Affair: Emile Zola, "!'accuse!" (January 13, 1898) 210
2. Truman and the Soviet Threat: National Security Council,
4. Militant Suffrage: Emmeline Pankhurst, Speech from the Dock Paper Number 68 (1950)
267
(1908) 215
3. Throwing Off Colonialism: Ho Chi Minh, Declaration of
5. Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism: Rudyard Kipling, The White
Independence of the Republic of Vietnam (1945)
270
Man's Burden and Editorial from the San Francisco Call ( 1899) 218
4. The Condition of Modern Women: Simone de Beauvoir,
6. Exalting War: Heinrich von Treitschke, Place of Warfare The Second Sex (1949)
273
in the State (1897-1898) and Henri Massis and
Alfred de Tarde, The Young People of Today (1912) 221 5. Cold War Anxieties: "How You Can Survive Fallout": Life Magazine
Cover and Letter from President John F Kennedy ( 1961)
275
CHAPTER 25 World War I and Its Aftermath, 1914-1929 226
C HA PT E R 2 8 Postindustrial Society and the End of the
1. The Horrors of War: Fritz Franke and Siegfried Sassoon, Cold War Order, l 960s-1989
278
Two Soldiers' Views (1914-1918) 226
1. Prague Spring: JosefSmrkovskj, What Lies Ahead (February 9, 1968)
278
2. Mobilizing for Total War: L. Doriat, Women on the
Home Front ( 1917) 229 2. A Revolutionary Time: Student Voices ofP rotest (1968) 282
3. Revolutionary Marxism Defended: Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, 3. Children Fleeing from a Napalm Attack in South Vietnam: Nick Ut,
Photograph (June 8, 1972)
The State and Revolution ( 1917) 231 284
4. The Rising Power of OPEC: U.S. Embassy, Saudi Arabia,
4. Establishing Fascism in Italy: Benito Mussolini,
The Doctrine ofF ascism (1932) 235 Saudi Ban on Oil Shipments to the United States (October 23, 1973) 286
5. A New Form of Anti-Semitism: Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (1925) 240 5. Facing Terrorism: Jacques Chirac, New French Antiterrorist Laws
(September 14, 1986)
288
6. Debating Change in the Soviet Union: Glasnost and the
xiv
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 2 9 A New Globalism, 1989 to the Present 297
Sources of
1. Ethnic Cleansing: The Diary of Zlata Filipovic
(October 6, 1991-June 29, 1992) 297
THE MAKING
OF 1HE WEST
2. The Challenges of EU Expansion: Paresh Nath,
EU Membership Prospect Cartoon (February 23, 2009) 305
3. Addressing Climate Change in the Eurozone: PEOPLES AND CULTURES
The European Commission's Energy Roadmap 2050 (2011) 306
4. An End to Apartheid: The African National Congress,
Volume II: Since 1500
Introductory Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation
Commission (August 19, 1996) 310
5. China in the Global Age: Chinese Olympic Committee,
Announcements on Preparations for the 2008 Summer
Olympic Games (2004-2007) 314
6. The Post-9/11 Era: Amartya Sen, A World Not Neatly Divided
(November 23, 2001) 318
I
I
l
Introduction: Working
with Historical Sources
T "
he long history of Western civilization encompasses a broad range of places and
cultures. Textbooks provide an essential chronological and thematic frame
work for understanding the formation of the West as a cultural and geographical
entity. Yet the process of historical inquiry extends beyond textbook narratives
into the thoughts, words, images, and experiences of people living at the time. Pri
mary sources expose this world so that you can observe, analyze, and interpret the
past as it unfolds before you. History is thus not a static collection of facts and
dates. Rather, it is an ongoing attempt to make sense of the past and its relationship
to the present through the lens of both written and visual primary sources.
Sources of The Making oft he West, Fourth Edition, provides this lens for you, with
a wide range of engaging sources - from a Mesopotamian epic to a political cartoon of
the Old Regime to firsthand accounts of student revolts. When combined, the sources
reflect historians' growing appreciation of the need to examine Western civilization
from different conceptual angles-political, social, cultural, economic-and geo
graphic viewpoints. The composite picture that emerges reveals a variety of historical
experiences shaping each era from both within and outside Europe's borders. Further
more, the documents here demonstrate that the most historically significant of these
experiences are not always those of people in formal positions of power. Men and
women from all walks ofl ife have also influenced the course of Western history.
The sources in this reader were selected with an eye toward their ability not only to
capture the multifaceted dimensions oft he past but also to ignite your intellectual curi
osity. Each written and visual document is a unique product ofh uman endeavor and as
such is often colored by the personal concerns, biases, and objectives of the author or
creator. Among the most exciting challenges facing you is to sift through these nuances
to discover what they reveal about the source and its broader historical context.
Interpreting Written Sources
Understanding a written document and its connection to larger historical issues
depends on knowing which questions to ask and how to find the right answers.
The following six questions will guide you through this process of discovery. Like a
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