Sources, emission, and exposure for trichloroethylene (TCE) and related chemicals

144 Pages·2001·8.2 MB·English

by  United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and Development

LlbKHKY Ul- CONURESS
MLCM United States Office of Research and E P A/600/R-00/099
Environmental Protection Development March 2001
Agency Washington DC 20460
2006/02671
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Sources, Emission and
FT MEADE
GenCol1
Exposure for
.^arch and Development
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and
Related Chemicals

EPA/600/R-00/099
March 2001
OCT 29.200 1
\
/
SOURCES, EMISSION AND EXPOSURE FOR
TRICHLOROETHYLENE (TCE)
AND RELATED CHEMICALS
National Center for Environmental Assessment-Washington Office
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC 20460
/T"'y
Recycled/Recyclable
Printed wwiitthh vveeggeettaabbllee-- based ink on
paper that contains a minimum of
50% post-consumer fiber content
processed chlorine free.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
MLCH
2006/02671
DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
LC Control Number
2001 344253
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES. x
LIST OF FIGURES.xi
PREFACE . xii
AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS.xiii
SECTION A. SUMMARY AND INTRODUCTION.1
SUMMARY.1
INTRODUCTION.10
SECTION B. PARENT COMPOUNDS .13
1.0 TRICHLOROETHYLENE .13
1.1 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .13
1.1.1 Nomenclature.13
1.1.2 Formula and Molecular Weight.13
1.1.3 Chemical and Physical Properties.13
1.1.4 Technical Products and Impurities.14
1.2 PRODUCTION AND USE.14
1.2.1 Production .14
1.2.2 Uses.14
1.2.3 Disposal.15
1.3 POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE.15
1.3.1 Natural Occurrence .15
1.3.2 Occupational Exposure .15
1.3.3 Environmental .15
1.4 HUMAN EXPOSURE AND POPULATION ESTIMATES .23
1.4.1 General U.S. Population . 23
1.4.2 Occupational Exposure .26
1.4.3 Consumer Exposure.27
1.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY.27
2.0 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE (PERCHLOROETHYLENE).30
2.1 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .30
2.1.1 Nomenclature.30
2.1.2 Formula and Molecular Weight.30
2.1.3 Chemical and Physical Properties. 30
2.1.4 Technical Products and Impurities.31
2.2 PRODUCTION AND USE.31
m
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
2.2.1 Production .31
2.2.2 Uses.32
2.2.3 Disposal.32
2.3 POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE.32
2.3.1 Natural Occurrence .32
2.3.2 Occupational .32
2.3.3 Environmental.33
2.4 HUMAN EXPOSURE AND POPULATION ESTIMATES .40
2.4.1 General U.S. Population .40
2.4.2 Occupational Exposure .41
2.4.3 Consumer Exposure.41
2.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY.41
3.0 1,1,1 -TRICHLOROETHANE (METHYL CHLOROFORM).44
3.1 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .44
3.1.1 Nomenclature.44
3.1.2 Formula and Molecular Weight.44
3.1.3 Chemical and Physical Properties.44
3.1.4 Technical Products and Impurities.45
3.2 PRODUCTION AND USE.45
3.2.1 Production .45
3.2.2 Uses.46
3.2.3 Disposal.46
3.3 POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE.46
3.3.1 Natural Occurrence .46
3.3.2 Occupational .46
3.3.3 Environmental .47
3.4 HUMAN EXPOSURE AND POPULATION ESTIMATES .52
3.4.1 General U.S. Population .52
3.4.2 Occupational Exposure .52
3.4.3 Consumer Exposure .54
3.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY.54
4.0 1,2-DICHLOROETHYLENE.56
4.1 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .56
4.1.1 Nomenclature.56
4.1.2 Formula and Molecular Weight.56
4.1.3 Chemical and Physical Properties.56
4.1.4 Technical Products and Impurities.57
4.2 PRODUCTION AND USE.57
4.2.1 Production .57
4.2.2 Uses.57
4.2.3 Disposal.58
4.3 POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE.58
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
4.3.1 Natural Occurrence .58
4.3.2 Occupational .58
4.3.3 Environmental .58
4.4 HUMAN EXPOSURE AND POPULATION ESTIMATES .62
4.4.1 General U.S. Population . 62
4.4.2 Occupational Exposure .62
4.4.3 Consumer Exposure.64
4.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY.64
5.0 CIS-1,2-DICHLOROETHYLENE .65
5.1 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .65
5.1.1 Nomenclature.65
5.1.2 Formula and Molecular Weight.65
5.1.3 Chemical and Physical Properties.65
5.1.4 Technical Products and Impurities.66
5.2 PRODUCTION AND USE.66
5.2.1 Production .66
5.2.2 Uses.66
5.2.3 Disposal.67
5.3 POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE.67
5.3.1 Natural Occurrence .67
5.3.2 Occupational . 67
5.3.3 Environmental .67
5.4 HUMAN EXPOSURE AND POPULATION ESTIMATES .70
5.4.1 General U.S. Population .70
5.4.2 Occupational Exposure .70
5.4.3 Consumer Exposure.70
6.0 TRANS-1,2-DICHLOROETHYLENE.71
6.1 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .71
6.1.1 Nomenclature.71
6.1.2 Formula and Molecular Weight.71
6.1.3 Chemical and Physical Properties.71
6.1.4 Technical Products and Impurities.72
6.2 PRODUCTION AND USE.:.72
6.2.1 Production .72
6.2.2 Uses.72
6.2.3 Disposal.73
6.3 POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE.73
6.3.1 Natural Occurrence .73
6.3.2 Occupational .73
6.3.3 Environmental . 73
6.4 HUMAN EXPOSURE AND POPULATION ESTIMATES .76
6.4.1 General U.S. Population .76
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
6.4.2 Occupational Exposure .76
6.4.3 Consumer Exposure.76
7.0 1,1,1,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE .77
7.1 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .77
7.1.1 Nomenclature.77
7.1.2 Formula and Molecular Weight.77
7.1.3 Chemical and Physical Properties.77
7.1.4 Technical Products and Impurities.78
7.2 PRODUCTION AND USE.78
7.2.1 Production . 78
7.2.2 Uses.78
7.2.3 Disposal.79
7.3 POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE.79
7.3.1 Natural Occurrence .79
7.3.2 Occupational .79
7.3.3 Environmental .79
7.4 HUMAN EXPOSURE AND POPULATION ESTIMATES .81
7.4.1 General U.S. Population .81
7.4.2 Occupational Exposure .82
7.4.3 Consumer Exposure.82
7.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY.82
8.0 1,1 -DICHLOROETHANE.83
8.1 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .83
8.1.1 Nomenclature.83
8.1.2 Formula and Molecular Weight.83
8.1.3 Chemical and Physical Properties.83
8.1.4 Technical Products and Impurities.84
8.2 PRODUCTION AND USE.84
8.2.1 Production .84
8.2.2 Uses.84
8.2.3 Disposal.84
8.3 POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE.85
8.3.1 Natural Occurrence .85
8.3.2 Occupational .85
8.3.3 Environmental .85
8.4 HUMAN EXPOSURE AND POPULATION ESTIMATES .88
8.4.1 General U.S. Population .88
8.4.2 Occupational Exposure .88
8.4.3 Consumer Exposure.88
8.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY.90
SECTION C. METABOLITES OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE
AND PARENT COMPOUNDS .91
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
9.0 CHLORAL.91
9.1 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .91
9.1.1 N omenclature.91
9.1.2 Formula and Molecular Weight.91
9.1.3 Chemical and Physical Properties.91
9.1.4 Technical Products and Impurities.92
9.2 PRODUCTION AND USE.92
9.2.1 Production .92
9.2.2 Uses.93
9.2.3 Disposal.93
9.3 POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE.93
9.3.1 Natural Occurrence .93
9.3.2 Occupational .93
9.3.3 Environmental .94
9.4 HUMAN EXPOSURE AND POPULATION ESTIMATES .96
9.4.1 General U.S. Population .96
9.4.2 Occupational Exposure .96
9.4.3 Consumer Exposure.96
9.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY.96
10.0 CHLORAL HYDRATE.98
10.1 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .98
10.1.1 Nomenclature.98
10.1.2 Formula and Molecular Weight.98
10.1.3 Chemical and Physical Properties.98
10.1.4 Technical Products and Impurities.99
10.2 PRODUCTION AND USE.99
10.2.1 Production .99
10.2.2 Uses.100
10.2.3 Disposal.100
10.3 POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE.100
10.3.1 Natural Occurrence .100
10.3.2 Occupational .100
10.3.3 Environmental .100
10.4 HUMAN EXPOSURE AND POPULATION ESTIMATES .102
10.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY.102
11.0 MONOCHLOROACETIC ACID.103
11.1 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .103
11.1.1 Nomenclature.103
11.1.2 Formula and Molecular Weight.103
11.1.3 Chemical and Physical Properties. 103
11.1.4 Technical Products and Impurities.104
11.2 PRODUCTION AND USE.104
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
11.2.1 Production .104
11.2.2 Uses .104
11.2.3 Disposal.104
11.3 POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE.105
11.3.1 Natural Occurrence .105
11.3.2 Occupational .105
11.3.3 Environmental .105
11.4 HUMAN EXPOSURE AND POPULATION ESTIMATES .107
11.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY.107
12.0 DICHLOROACETIC ACID.109
12.1 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .109
12.1.1 Nomenclature.109
12.1.2 Formula and Molecular Weight.109
12.1.3 Chemical and Physical Properties.109
12.1.4 Technical Products and Impurities.110
12.2 PRODUCTION AND USE . ..110
12.2.1 Production .110
12.2.2 Uses.110
12.2.3 Disposal.110
12.3 POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE.110
12.3.1 Natural Occurrence .110
12.3.2 Occupational .110
12.3.3 Environmental.Ill
12.4 HUMAN EXPOSURE AND POPULATION ESTIMATES .112
12.4.1 General U.S. Population .112
12.4.2 Occupational Exposure .112
12.4.3 Consumer Exposure.112
12.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY.112
13.0 TRICHLOROACETIC ACID.113
13.1 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .113
13.1.1 Nomenclature.113
13.1.2 Formula and Molecular Weight.113
13.1.3 Chemical and Physical Properties.113
13.1.4 Technical Products and Impurities.114
13.2 PRODUCTION AND USE.114
13.2.1 Production .114
13.2.2 Uses .114
13.2.3 Disposal.115
13.3 POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE.115
13.3.1 Natural Occurrence .115
13.3.2 Occupational .115
13.3.3 Environmental .115
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