Sourcebook on Rhetoric. Key Concepts in Contemporary Rhetorical Studies PDF
Preview Sourcebook on Rhetoric. Key Concepts in Contemporary Rhetorical Studies
RHETORIC & SOCIETY edited by Herbert W. Simons Temple University EDITORIAL BOARD Michael Billig Department of Social Sciences, Loughborough University Carole Blair Department of American Studies, University of California, Davis Richard H. Brown Department of Sociology, University of Maryland Rosa Eberly Division of Rhetoric and Composition, University o{Texas, Austin Dilip Gaonkar Communication Studies, Northwestern University J ames Jasinski Department of Communication & Theatre Arts, The University of Puget Sound Joyce lrene Middleton Department of English, University of Rochester Janice Rushing Communication Department, University of Arkansas Allen Scuh Department of Speech Communication, Drake University This series will publish a hroad-based collection of advanced texts and innovative works encompassing rhetoric in the civic arena, in the arts and media, in the academic disciplines, and in everyday cultural practices. Books in this series: Control and Consolation in American Cuhure and Politics: Rhetorics of Therapy Dana L. Cloud Communication Criticism: Developing Your Critical Powers jodi R. Cohen Analyzing Everyday Texts: Discourse, Rhetoric, and Social Perspectives Glenn r: Stil/ar Progay/Antigay: The Rhetorical War Over Sexuality Ra/ph R. Smith and Russe/ R. Windes Sourcebook on Rhetoric: Key Concepts in Contemporary Rhetorical Studies James ]asinski Sourcebook on Key Concepts in Contemporary Rhetorical Studies James Jasinski '· Sage Publications lntemationa/ Educational and Professional Publisher Thousand Oaks • London • New Delhi To my parents for their many years of Iove and support Copyright C> 2001 by Sage Publications,lnc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanica), including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information: Sage Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: [email protected] Sage Publications Ltd. 6 Bonhili Street London EC2A 4PU United Kingdom Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd. M-32 Market Greater Kailash I New Delhi 110 048 lndia Printed in the United States of America Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data )asinski, )ames. Sourcebook on rhetoric : key concepts in contemporary rhetorical studies I by )ames )asinski. p. cm.- (Rhetoric and society) lncludes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7619-0504-9 I. Rhetoric-Dictionaries. I. Title. II. Rhdoric & society (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) PN172 .)37 2001 808'.003-dc21 2001001625 01 02 03 04 05 06 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Acquiring Editor: Margaret H. Seawell Editorial Assistam: Alicia Carter Production Editor: Claudia A. Hoffman Editorial Assistant: Cindy Bear Copy Editor: D. ). Peck Typeserrer: Marion Warren Cover Designer: )ane M. Quaney Contents Foreword vii Herbert W. Simons Preface ix Acknowledgments xi lntroduction: On Defining Rhetoric as an Object of Intellectual Inquiry xiii Glossary Of Concepts Page Page ~ A 3 H 283 p 419 B 75 I 303 R 479 c s 79 J 335 503 D 145 L 345 T 569 E 191 M 353 V 595 F 241 N 389 G 265 0 411 Name Index 603 Subject Index 624 About the Author 643 Contents A Dialectic / 165 Accent / 3 Discourse / 168 Allegory / 7 Discursive formation / 173 Ambiguity / 8 Dissociation / 175 Ambiguity (or paradox ) of substance / Domestication / 182 10 Doxa / 183 Amplification / 12 Dramatism / 187 Anxiety of influence / 14 Apocalyptic discourse / 17 E Apologia / 21 Effects of rhetorical practice / 191 Archetype/ 22 Ego-‐function / 197 Argument / 24 Eloquence / 199 Argument field / 55 Enemies, rhetorical construction of / Arrangement / 61 201 Articulation / 65 Enthymeme / 205 Audience / 68 Epideictic discourse / 209 Episteme / 215 B Episteme (in Foucault) / 217 Bricoleur / Bricolage / 75 Epistemic, rhetoric as / 219 Burden of proof / 76 Ethos / 229 Eulogistic covering / 234 C Exhortation / 236 Canon / 79 Exposition / 238 Canons of rhetoric / 81 Carnivalization / Carnivalesque / 82 F Case construction / 85 Fallacy / 241 Casuistic stretching / 89 Fantasy theme analysis / 246 Close reading / 91 Feminine style / 253 Condensation symbol / 97 Figure / figuration / 257 Confessional discourse / 101 Forensic discourse / 261 Conspiracy appeals / arguments / 103 Constitutive rhetoric / 106 G Contingency / 108 Generation / generational argument / Controversy / 113 265 Critical rhetoric / 116 Genre / 268 Criticism in contemporary rhetorical Gynocritics / gynocriticism / 277 studies / 125 H D Hegemony / 283 Debate / 145 Hermeneutics (and rhetoric) / 286 Decorum / 146 Heteroglossia / 295 Definition / Definition of situation / Hierarchy / Hierarchical psychosis / 151 299 Deliberative discourse / 160 I Power / 442 Iconicity / 303 Presence / 455 Identifycation / 305 Presumption / 458 Ideograph / 308 Prophetic ethos / prophetic speech / Ideology / 312 459 Inquiry, rhetoric of / 316 Prudence / phronesis / 462 Interpellation / 320 Public letter / 470 Intertextuality / 321 Public sphere / 473 Invention / 327 Invitational rhetoric / 331 R Recalcitrance / 479 J Recursive / recursivity / 481 Jeremiad / 335 Representation / 483 Judgment / 339 Representative anecdote / 491 Rhetorical question / 494 L Ritual / 495 Local stability / 345 Logic / 348 S Logos / 350 Scapegoating / 503 Secular conversion / 508 M Sentimentalism / sentimental style / Manifesto / 353 510 Memory / 355 Sermonic, language as / 512 Metacriticism / 363 Situation, rhetorical / 514 Modes of proof / 364 Social Knowledge / 524 Mortification / 365 Stasis / 528 Motive / motivation / 367 Stock issues / issues in policy disputes Movements / 373 / 531 Mystification / 378 Style / 536 Myth / 382 Subject / subjectivity / 560 N T Narrative / 389 Text / 569 Neo-‐aristotelianism / 405 Tone / 575 New criticism / 409 Topics / topoi / 578 Touchstone / 582 O Tradition / 584 Other, rhetorical construction of / 411 Transcendence / 588 Overdetermined, discourse as / 416 Transparency thesis / 591 P V Pastoral / 419 Values and value hierarchy / 595 Pathos / 421 Vernacular / 599 Persona / 429 Perspective by incongruity / 433 Polarization / 435 Polyphony / 437 Polysemy / 439 Herbert W. Simons lt is my pleasure to introduce this very odd for an introduction to rhetorical situation. but extremely useful reference work. Ar The venturesome rhetorician in a communi ranged as one might arrange a dictionary or cation studies department might likewise an encyclopedia, it is rather a highly textured move from the familiar ( e.g., debate, apolo introduction to contemporary rhetorical the gia) to the unfamiliar, finding in Bloom's ory, one that sacrifices comprehensiveness for ( 1973) poetics of influence precisely the met depth over the limited array of key concepts aphor needed to analyze the oratory of that it covers. Missing from the Glossary of Maleolm X. A decided virtue of this book is Concepts, for example, is the term example, its broad range of pivotal terms-reason yet the book is exemplary in the many exam enough for students in English or communi ples it provides to illustrate included con cation studies to purchase it or make liberal cepts. Moreover, the book's index provides use of it at their reference libraries. the equivalent of a second and more detailed It is instructive to apply Jasinski's concepts glossary of terms, pointing readers to the to the book itself. The first concept discussed many terminological contexts in which the in the preface is conversation, but its use indexed terms are relevant. such as Burke's (1957} in the Philosophy of These linkages, also highlighted in the text Literary Form-is metaphorical. Jasinski pur itself, permit efficient travel across the terrain ports to record the conversation that is con that is rhetoric. Readers will, of course, temporary rhetorical studies, but he also is choose their own itineraries, exploring con one of the conversationalists, making clear in nections that Jasinski could not possibly have his introduction that he is sympathetic to ef anticipated. Those readers who were reared in forts to rein in "rhetoric," restricting it to the the literary/compositional/English depart civic arena or at least keeping public discourse ment tradition of rhetorical studies, for ex as its focus. ample, might begin with words such as narra Yet in spite of good intellectual conversa tive that already are familiar to them, but tion, Jasinski's introduction to rhetoric's na then, having become convinced that their tra ture and scope is fair to the globalists, those dition says not enough about rhetoric as an who would have us Iook for rhetork-or at adaptive art, might venture to the oral/orator least rhetorical dimensions-in virtually all ical/communication studies side of the street human acts and artifacts. Jasinski also accents vii vili SOURCEBOOK ON RHETORIC what he knows best, which is American public example, that the introduction to rhetoric is address, past and present. This is at once a too difficult, the many meanings explored are Iimitation of the book but also a strength; it excessive, and the introduction's "conversa gives depth to the book, albeit at a sacrifice to tion" is disturbingly incondusive. Butthis is a range. highly commendable introductory essay, one But who among us can do justice to a glob that should be better appreciated as other alized view of the range of rhetoric? And that terms in the book are scrutinized, digested, indeed is a reason why Jasinski favors a more and made a part of readers' inner conversa restricted view. tions. Not all of the terms in tbe book will re Jasinski notes in the preface that this book quire scrutiny; that depends on the chosen began as an eight-page mirneo handout. Years itinerary. But many entries will repay re later, it was made ready for Sage Publications' peated readings. Rhetoric & Society series, consisting of books of about 200 pages each. But as Jasinski set to work on bis key concepts, be found that he Heferences and bad much too much to say about them. For Additional Reading tunately, as the size of the entries grew, Jasinski grew with them, becoming in the Bloom, H. (1973). The anxiety of influence. New York: process of fashioning this singular book a sin Oxford University Press. Burke, K. ( 1957). The philosophy of literary form (rev. gular adept teacher of contemporary rhetori ed.). New York: Vintage. cal theory. Beginning students of rhetoric might take issue with this last daim. Tbey might find, for Preface In a well-known passage from The Philoso describe the conversation that is the contem phy of Literary Form, Kenneth Burke de porary discipline of rhetorical studies. Like scribed human existence as an "unending any conversation, rhetorical studies features conversation." Burke (1957) wrote, multiple voices, idioms, and perspectives, and this book tries to incorporate the various Imagine that you enter a parlor. You come voices, idioms, and perspectives that consti late. When you arrive, others have long pre tute contemporary rhetorical studies. As ceded you, and they are engaged in a heated Burke suggested in his discussion of the un discussion, a discussion too heated for them ending conversation, no one is ever qualified to pause and tell you exactly what it is to provide a complete account of the conver about. In fact, the discussion had already sation of human life. The same is true for the begun long before any of them got there, so conversation that is rhetorical studies. No one that no one present is qualified to retrace is qualified to provide an exhaustive definitive for you all the steps that had gone before. account of its shape and contours. But this You Iisten for a while, until you decide that book tries to provide its readers with an intro you have caught the tenor of the argument; duction to most of the major issues, themes, then you put in your oar. Someone answers; and arguments that engage the attention of you answer him [sie]; another comes to rhetorical scholars at the beginning ofthe 21st your defense; another aligns hirnself against century. you, to either the embarr,assment or gratifi After the introductory essay that reviews cation of your opponent, depending upon the vexing question of how to define the term the quality of your ally' s assistance. How rhetoric, the book consists of a series of alpha ever, the discussion is interminable. The betically organized entries, beginning with hour grows late, [and] you must depart. the Bakhtinian concept of accent and ending And you do depart, with the discussion still with the ernerging concept of the vernacular. vigorously in progress. (pp. 94-96) Each entry tries to define its central concept, provide practical illustrations of the concept I have composed this book on the assump when that is appropriate, discuss some of the tion that academic disciplines, as a slice ofhu key schalarship that has addressed the con man existence, partake of our unending con cept, and identify some of the more impor versation. To put the point more directly, I tant studies by rhetorical scholars that have have approached the discipline of rhetorical engaged the concept in some way. A number studies as a conversation. This book strives to of concepts do not receive extended treatment ix
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