Sourcebook of Korean Civilization: From Early Times to the Sixteenth Century

776 Pages·1993·17.649 MB·English

by  Peter H. Lee

Sourcebook of
Korean Civilization
VOLUME I

SOURCEBOOK OF
K C
o r e a n iv il iz a t io n
VOLUME I
FROM EARLY TIMES TO THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
Edited by Peter H. Lee
WITH
Donald Baker
Yongho Ch’oe
Hugh H. W. Kang
Han-Kyo Kim
Columbia University Press
NEW YORK
C olumbia U niversity Press
New York Chichester, West Sussex
Copyright © 1993 Columbia University Press
All rights reserved
Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following for permission to reprint pre­
viously published material:
Jonathan W. Best, for material from “Tales of Three Paekche Monks Who Trav­
eled Afar in Search of the Law,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 51:1 (1991).
Cambridge University Press, for Joseph Needham et al.. The Hall of Heavenly
Records: Korean Astronomical Instruments and Clocks, 1380-1780 (1986). © Cam­
bridge University Press 1986.
Columbia University Press, for material from Burton Watson, Records of the Grand
Historian of China (1961), © 1961 Columbia University Press.
Harvard University Press, for Peter H. Lee, Lives of Eminent Korean Monks: The
Haedong Kosüng Chon. © 1969 by the Harvard Yenching Institute.
Sungbae Park, for excerpt from “Wönhyo’s Commentaries on the Awakening of
Faith in Mahäyäna,” Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Berkeley,
1979.
Michael C. Rogers, for “P’yonnyon Tongnok: The Foundation Legend of the Koryö
State,” Journal of Korean Studies 4 (1982-1983). © 1983 by the Society for
Korean Studies.
Royal Asiatic Society Korea Branch, for Hahm Pyong-choon, The Korean Polit­
ical Tradition: Essays in Korean Law and Legal History. © 1967 by Royal Asiatic
Society Korea Branch.
Richard Rutt, for “The Lay of King Tongmyong,” Korea Journal 13:7 (1973).
University of Hawaii Press, for material from Robert E. Buswell, Jr., The Korean
Approach to Zen: The Collected Works of Chinul. © 1983 University of Hawaii
Press.
University of California Press, for two diagrams in Laurel Kendall and Griffin Dix,
eds., Religion and Ritual in Korean Society. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies
(1987). © 1987 by The Regents of the University of California.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Sourcebook of Korean civilization: v. 1—from early times to the sixteenth century /
edited by Peter H. Lee ; with Donald Baker ... [et al.],
p. cm. — (Introduction to Asian civilizations)
ISBN 0-231-07912-5
i. Korea—Civilization. I. Lee, Peter H., 1929- II. Series.
DS904.S68 1993
9519—dc20 92-28502
CIP
Casebound editions of Columbia University Press books are Smyth-sewn and
printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper.
Book design by Jennifer Dossin
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To our current and future colleagues
in Korean studies

Contents
Preface xix
Explanatory Note xxiii
Contributors xxv
P a rt I: T h ree K in g d o m s a n d U n ifie d Silla i
Origins of Korean Culture
1. 3
THE FOUNDATION MYTH 4
Tangun 6
KOREA IN THE CHINESE DYNASTIC HISTORIES 7
YU Huan: Ancient Korea and Yen 8
Accounts of Chosön 9
Accounts of the Eastern Barbarians 13
FOUNDERS OF TRIBAL FEDERATIONS 24
The Lay of King Tongmyong 23
King Onjo of Paekche 30
Pak Hyôkkose, the Founder of Silla 32
King T ’arhae of Silla 33
2. The Rise of the Three Kingdoms
36
DEVELOPMENT OF THE THREE KINGDOMS 36
Ulchi Mundök 37
King Chinhung’s Monument at Maun Pass 39
viii Contents
DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE 39
Record of Repair of Luxuriant Dike in Yongch’on 40
POLITICAL THOUGHT 41
ÜI P’aso 42
Ch’ang Chori 43
Kim Hujik’s Admonition of King Chinp’yong 44
TRIBAL COUNCILS 45
Four Sacred Places (Silla) 46
Administration Rock (Paekche) 46
King Namhae 47
SOCIAL STRUCTURE 48
King Hüngdök’s Edict on Clothing, Carts, and Housing 49
Sol Kyedu 49
3. Ancient Customs and Religion
50
ANCIENT CUSTOMS 51
King Sansang: The Levirate Custom 53
Ondal: Hunting Expedition on the Third Day of the
Third Month 55
The Festival of Kawi 57
Crow Taboo Day $7
Lord Ch’adük: Attendance of a Local Official at Court 58
Kim Yusin: Worship of the Three Guardian Spirits 59
Peach Blossom Girl, Guardian of the Gate Tower 61
THE INTRODUCTION OF BUDDHISM 62
KOGURYÖ BUDDHISM 64
w
Uiyön’s Research into a History of Buddhism 65
P’ayak and T’ien-t’ai 67
PAEKCHE BUDDHISM 68
Kyomik and the Disciplinary School 68
Hyongwang and the Lotus Scripture 69
SILLA BUDDHISM 71
Ado’s Arrival in Silla 72
Pöpkong Declares Buddhism the National Faith 7$
Wöngwang Goes to China for Study 78
Chajang Establishes the Monk’s Discipline 83
The Nine-Story Stupa 87
MAITREYA AND ESOTERIC BUDDHISM 89
Maitreya’s Incarnation as a Hwarang 90
Myongnang, Founder of the Divine Seal School 92
RAPPROCHEMENT BETWEEN BUDDHISM AND
SHAMANISM 94
Holy Mother of Mount Fairy Peach 94
Contents ix
The Bodhisattva Sound Observer on Mount Nak 96
Fifty Thousand Dharma Bodies on Mount Odae 97
THE HWARANG 100
Origins of the Hwarang 101
Knight Chukchi 102
Kwanch’ang 104
Kim Hümun 105
4. Consolidation of the State
107
UNIFICATION OF THE THREE KINGDOMS 107
Account of the Silla-T’ang War 108
The Life of Kim Yusin 109
CONFUCIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT II3
Posthumous Epithet for King Muyol 114
King Munmu’s Edict Concerning the Investiture of An Sung 114
King Sinmun’s Proclamation of His Accession 115
CONFUCIAN LEARNING 117
The National Academy 117
CHINESE LEARNING AND THE GROWTH OF THE
EDUCATED CLASS Il8
The Tombstone of King Muryong 119
Record of an Oath Made in the Year Imsin 120
Kangsu 120
Sol Ch'ong 122
Nokchin 124
Ch’oe Ch’iwon 126
Preface to the Kyewön p’ilgyöng chip 127
Record of the Manjusrt Stupa at Haein Monastery 128
TAOISM 129
Yon Kaesomun (Koguryo) 131
Podok (Koguryo) 132
Inscription on a Monument to Sat’aek Chijök (Paekche) 133
Inscription on an Image at Kamsan Monastery (Silla) 133
5. The Rise of Buddhism
135
WÖNHYO’S BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY 138
The Life of Wönhyo: Tsan-ning’s Account 140
The Life of Wönhyo: Iryon’s Account 142
Introduction to Exposition of the Adamantine
Absorption Scripture 145
Arouse Your Mind and Practice! 134
Commentary on the Awakening of Faith 157
ÜISANG AND THE FLOWER GARLAND SCHOOL 159
x Contents
The Life of Üisang 160
Diagram of the Dharmadhâtu According to the One Vehicle 161
Vow Made at the White Lotus Enlightenment Site 164
Fa-tsang’s Letter to Uisang 165
w ö n c h ’ük and the consciousness- only school 166
Sung Fu: Memorial Inscription to Wönch’ük 168
Wönch’ük: Commentary on the Explanation of Profound
Mysteries Scripture 171
The Life of Sungyöng 183
The Life of T’aehyön 186
T’aehyön: Study Notes to the Treatise on the Completion
of Consciousness-Only 186
BELIEF IN THE PURE LAND 191
Monks Hyesuk and Hyegong 192
Ungmyon 195
Kwangdök 196
DIVINATION CEREMONIES 198
Chinp’yo • 198
COPYING SCRIPTURES 200
Postface to the Flower Garland Scripture 201
Poetry and Song
6. 203
Master Yungch’ön: “Song of the Comet” 205
Master Ch’ungdam: “Statesmanship” and “Ode to
Knight Kip’a” 205
Master Wölmyöng: “Song ofTusita Heaven” and “Requiem” 207
Monk Yöngjae: “Meeting with Bandits” 208
Ch’öyong: “Song of Ch’öyong” 209
An Old Man: “Dedication” 211
Great Master Kyunyö: Eleven Poems on the Ten Vows of the
Universally Worthy Bodhisattva 212
7. Local Clans and the Rise of the
Meditation School
217
THE RISE OF LOCAL CHIEFS 219
Chang Pogo 220
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MEDITATION SCHOOL 220
The Life of Musang 221
The Life of Toüi 223
Toüi: Questions and Answers with Chief of Clerics Chiwön 225
Muyorn: Treatise on the Tongueless Realm 226
The Life of Sunji 228
Summary of Sunji’s Teachings 229
The Life of Pömil 241