Table Of Content

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''d t oo p ' j. t. 7. #%% @ : . . * - . . . . # . - ., ) o s)q :?rr . , - 1. , . j.. l ' y. , . 1 .'' '' jzz?llqjjlqLjj?k ?s' 'k' '(..Jjq:':' kyt.s.sys . , ' . . . ' L ',, . . , . . , 4 lt. . ' ?(l, ' , ,, y t. 4 .('i', . , . . . . .. , '', . '''''' ,, ' . ' . .' . ' . . .. . .' ,' ' ' , ,.' ' : # ''; , t)' .) ? t .)' . 2111111111111111:-111111111 '2t.. f11lll11I1:1'::''1-':l -:' :' ) iii . 1.ï'b. . . ' . . , . . . . . #?-. . . . ..t. . . . . . . . . . --T. . . . . . . '-.. -.. . .. t .. ., .-- . . . , .. ... ( Richard Northcott lll , - Introduction 3 ' 1i: ll' ' 1 How Sound Moves 4 2 Low Sounds, High Sounds 6 3 Your Voice 8 4 M usicat lnstruments 10 5 M usic Around the W ortd 12 6 Orchestras and Concerts 14 7 Rhythm 16 8 Recordinj Music 18 9 Buying M usic 20 10 Sound and Noise 22 Activities 24 Projects 44 Picture Dictionary 46 About Read and Blscover 48 O XTO RD 1 UNIVERSITY PRESS i 1 '' I <) f.'' We ACKNOWLEDGE MENTS Jllustmfftlcs hy: Alan Rowe pp.24, 30, 34. 41, 42. 46, 47., Kelly U'NIAJERSIT'F Prtzsss Ifennedy pp.4, 19, 22' 1an Moores pp.5, 7, 8 15, 28' Dusan Great Clarendon Street Oxford oxz 6DP Pavlic/Beehive lllustration pp.24, 30, 34, 38, 42. 46, 47. I Oxford University Press is a depal-tment of the Universit'y The J'QH./skt'r.î TISI;i/J/J also like &.' tékank j'hs'fp//tlls/fnçffp- P7t?f?- kinti - of Oxford. It furthers the Urtiversity's objective of excelience pcrTrlfssftlrë 170 reprpclucc phologrflphs tlnl. aîht?r crlpyrfght l'nt:f'fv-zi: ïn research, scholarslùp, and eclucation by publishing Alamy 17.4 (Andrew Fox), 7 (Fine -&l't Commercial/baby), worldwide in 9 (Tarelt Elluan/singing lesson), 12 (Peter Horree/gamelan, GM Photo Images, tango band), 13 (ltlausqverner Friedrich/ Listen to t e soun s aroun ou. hat Oxford New York ltoîo player), 15 ('T'he Prinf Collecror), 16 (Giarlni Muratore), Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaarn Hong Kong Karachi 2 1 (Eddie Gerald/graniophone), 22 (Tim. Cuffl', Corbis pp.9 Ifuala Lurrzpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi can ou ear?. an ou hear cars?. an ou (@ IIA-A N-/tkxlll-lsl-lllç/Reutei's/throat singer). 13 (@ Frédéric New Delhi Shanghai Taipei 'Ibronto Soltan/sygma/sitar player), 14 ((() Jacques Sal-rat/syglnal, 17 (@ With taffices in Ancly Itain/epa/bandl; Getty lmages pp.7 (David llrazier/stone/ ear eopte 's voices?. a e Ou can hear Argentina Austria Brazil Chiie Czech Republic F'rance truck), 17 (altrendo images/llamenco), 20 (Ryan Mcvay/stoile), GSirnegeacpe oGreu a5t0e1m.1tahl aK tnHreuan gSawl'yit zletrallayn Jda pTahna iPlaorltadn dTu Prkoeltyugal 2138 ,( M19at, t2 G1 r(caays/ssetottnees l'a Ondx fcodrsdl ; UPnhiovteorlsilbtyra Pl'yre 13sTs3 .p6 p(D.3a, v1i0d, D11e,as), atelev.l s*lon' or us@lc on the ra @Io. Ukraine Vietnam 21 (lïric Nathan/Britain on Wew/jukebox). oxlzou.o and oxyop.D ENGLI SH are registered tracle marks kl/rïlh lh(I'I1k.s rtl Azltzry Ctlistmft)r chtpckin.g ruusïc conttfnt ofoxferd University Press iln the UK antl in certain other Look at these pictures. hat are these sounds? countries (t)) Oxford Unfversity Press 2011 o ou Li e these soun s?. The nloral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford Universit'y Press tmakerl h 'I c h soun s are usic?. First published 2o 1 1 zo15 2014 2013 2()1:z 2011 hat t pe 0 f usi c do ou ti e?. 1 O 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 No unauthorized photocopying A11 rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retrieval systen'l, or transnlitted .. ' . f; - > z'J ' $ '' Y.v n ''J'. . '* . !f.. j ) . ,- , fd'i ' .. a .. . :; ,?. #(jjy'c ' ''%:. f &' '' 7). 1. X' .1 /..r ) . .. ; ).'' ) 1 ' . ' l '' in any form or by any means, Nvitllout the prior pernaission iprrttYcaAnoeehe(oc npp )wrevqtum yrrhea uro oelrwic'niigtd l rtaPdueitruennearbLsrcgdpTedtts s ihi loblytosltfyi toeniaac gsOhuls b ohac rxrowleuti'ïvnfsrlgto cuèehsDrouisrdrtctrelsl ea eUu pio ërta.lntennr hr tcgrpiltoveearho nernsiisn srtceei s ezonb tittlapoh-thnyt,e oilii OssPokso p nxr safje'au. f7g tst:mEha brsra elnedneioeq cadDycraub o tauinoonirsitorv iivhdneteeeihexs t ra sriptcs rhohbroieotneenyi n isu oJacslPt1n lpedltyrii'n p ehnbasgernieos n y opsgarerintatte . ' . /' Z.'. . 'à 1 .'j .' ' , . r' i. . <.$. h; .)..' k . jp' 4ç .jr .4 . ..,j . ï j , 3,,.'.l '''.3, ' ... '.2$ l '. j. . u'., ''. .. 2(,''.., .') f . r.t /.?''.. ).', .j..'..j ..' , 7 ',.., :z. . ' . '. . p )L. 7j;. - . y''' Cz y .'y. : -. .. )tt2 i: jyl iltfjd;k.i: j $. j9' ''j jy.-.q. . ..,.. j. y!. :, ., y.#1. # u.. . .y t ..( ' .l., .&-' g.. ..;- .. , .. . : . ç.- . o 3C .... aII.&rr tj. '.t :Rr, Jp)..l. . j .. ; y q. .'y )' g j( 7j x 't 't2.j'. j j') .( ,.y t ij. f..,vv. i '.* * K.'a'.' . a't . ., .. ' < !'.. ?, .,.' 4 ,-. . . ,.....r ' è. ..' (,..r).. . ' t?-.'. ' ) .Wh%z.,'èï - L 3.. . ? . . .'.t- . , . f.. E1 ). '.p L ,, . ?.j. ,. o(j.vsh .? ;j jx';, .k. . J..y:' .j',r . z :y ,.., ' ,'J,. y,. t. â. .. u. z . u. e. .. = j., .4. '' ! #..u . /: . '96 .y yvj.. x -. ' jw.'y.. .'..-'t ;s...,. jy .'. ;'. j' .2.. j 'S.. sto ,.. gj.a.. ; ' #. aj j '. ' ;. Y.: .j.' à.'.' .a ' !. . .': i# .: à't. : '. .. z)..j . s,j ;.&. k v. .-)g,. '') ?t.,,a tw,.%ta 't ty t. ,.,,;.. . ... .jk)j.X$ . r' '.) . ' , y' y ,j . ï'. 'u,:.,ëyy. . j, yj'j4r . /, tjNi. j,.3. . 1xpqx:0.'vg, j'.,.,'2y- z: ''. y. k'o.siy' . . t oj .k''. &. . ' !. 'k;.#ria t! )j . ';. . .M.. ).-x.t ''. . ': '' .$.k. . 1. '.. - ... :. ,*s.y :. )y.) ) ' ') . ..' .', z . . . ' .. .' . . .. y.' : y. , ' 9o,ku. ) E .. . . k'' . .'' ..' . . .' .At n.r .4 z: '.'. . k. .1. jjzè; ;jypja ..r ., e.-.? '$' .- j.. . $ . at-.. ry '1 . r . ?y.. . j. , 'jt j..j. . ,ft(' y <jkryrA.(,4i .c.ysép. ( '. . :y y tp . j ),. v @; (;k yc ..'r , zt.(utsj., .:j,j,y. E,kkgn ya o;yjî' . jtf'.. : (t'.wLphjk'rl' ' # .y'.,jyjv'œ ;l 4. pjj..fs f,L. ;j'..y' yut4é ; yj.Z.. 2 . ..'k. 72 .'; , ). '. >y. piu 7 l,t; / , '. <.J . ,, b' : .7v. .jà, gkî,â.'y &) '.'.j k),a' j.p/ . .t.t:rf .,$..'j. z ) a t .yA.,.ay ) ', 'rJ.''..? .#.:iy :..'.. ..;.,? kb .1)'. y' r.j. ) j. ).$#4., public dtalnain and thcir addresses are provided by Oxlbrd UPrneivsse rdsiistcyl aPirne'lsss a fnoyr irnesfoprorlnaasitbioilnit y0 1f'1o1/r,. tOhxef coordn tUelnlitversit'y ... z iy, jg ' . . .os .. . . . . r . ) t, TJ ; . r.i .... ) . ,,.y.rJ , y)c , :p, ., .? :..;y.. . i$q )) ,,. .q) j,,j ;(j..y jjy ..j y. ytyy;' , ls IIN : 978 () 19 464384 ç) , (' . ' . . ) , . . y.. . . . .vk $. ...;k. '' .' . <3<qkpj:k,. . . tyE t.r . . ...j$D1, ?. '. . ;)j :. . ,: tyj' $y44 ,..;:g jCge jl s6. Aavna Ailuabdiloe CIsD B PNa 9ck7 5c oo n1t9a 4in6.i1n.4g2 .t4. h2is 17c)01.: and a CD is a1s() -**4.. .4 !', 'b6L;'. . ïE .. k . .,. .. . ... . . t''. ' .'.'3:.',,t,,: 'ï:.<.' ?t. ..' ' ,y,.. ?)r; g.. './ .. . g . '''L'kttt. khd,.à:., . x.vi. . 4, k. . . ;. .....p . .r .y. b..zf .J t '.s sj;rt,tjy:yj:j2,ll,hj.i(,j.j; y,, $ y,7j.? ;,..y.,.J! ,.yy.;2q7.ri., .(jà.y.û... TrAPI hesnr cBie noa NCrct ecc9Dldio7 n hn8ig naA(sp) s C oaa1 hn9 fc ity4nhhi6naoe..g1 i 3cc A eo9 4mco tf8pi vAlîeltntye e Btroittcxoatkn . ias ll8) :1 ls oB raivtiasillla Ebnlegli Sh - . .. . .. . . ' â; ):. t .,. . z. ; . ' z ) ;r à. .é. âJk'xy. jttl)' . i:'..' ï..? àj . ) . . kk. ' '. .. .. . . .'.; .1.â f .s. . è :q?. k; c. k , ).- - ' . . ... . .. .. . .-.. . . '/.. . . ûj, Lx !. . .' 2. * . J. , .k. .' . .. u. . . <. k gi. ..' ?.3 ;;. . , ).',t jt-- . )ojll;.; . . . . C:v$.s.j L l.. '' k, i.jl,.. j . j. 1j j ' .u,. .. . -.. ?&'y.p . .. .k J$. . ..: 1 ... -àT. - . y .' ': t . J... ?q.j.( : ' ' k ; ... 'e: .;j,..$j, t y.-l ku(, g .. . ;. . . ;.t' y %o,zL ??.'.âq; a .. . . k4::q, y.,.të ..(y. . ..yr;. ït... y i ,#.. ,. .y'. y .'. , . ... . -- . j. ,,.,. :?.-L.) ts;-y s. y.t .s . .. r.j-, .,s z.., F t t :2.r . . j . .yy @ ,4. . jyt . y).;' jrj êj, ; ':d,7(r yrs: .;7, +. ,.y,. : .q -. , . . . .j.;rr;. :. ('.%I.' '?& ..)J&J.. . ..q ' . j6é'. . $i q . . $ ti.Q.f , A; J .; j ;'t t $'. j '. ,. - '... .v. . Jp %; . , :j . ... .y. . .. . ' ; ).j z r j z..: > , . GC) t , . '. ). .hy .q. . j)ç.j; ... jy . - ) . . : .:y.: . q. -y . j. ;; r :...:j..Lq-' r@. . mî - .. tn :.;..Lgy. ) i ï' ij, ..;, )Ly .' y:à4 .%01s 'L )s. LI ''bjvL '-'r..,,2' . . j .s-... . . r-) .lv?j l ' -j?.. )s.. frt -1,,' >.$t . '!ti. J ' ,r .. î,. .t (y,i' à jy -hj. tj.. :k;g. .#..j. - b$.,j.ât'?. ..vLft . . . . l. j''y. j - k. z.$.'gtj ,. 7*. . ' y y''..'' yuQ:;.,. ?J..) , j .$ it . , ,j. /E.f..'.3'... ;... R'his btaclk is printcd t)n paper fronn certifietl and Nvell-lnanaged sources. c =..a'D' . cc 71.'o No read anU GISCOVer ,. ore about sound and usic! H ow does sound m ove through the air? The air is m ade of billions of m olecules. The m olecules are very sm all, so you can't see them . Your voice pushes the m olecules. T he m olecules m ove like waves in the ocean. T he m ovem ents of the m olecules are called sound waves. T he sound waves from loud sounds go far.-fhe sound waves from quiet sounds don't go far. W hen you spealt, sing, or shout, the sound of your voice m oves through the air. The sound goes to other people, and they hear it. Sound m oves very fast. ,ït., fpi , . t sëçqjl ',tl, l1. j Ijjjyl ' . 4 9 ),r . ...#'' . ï: .l :l ' E- ' - . (? ' .r.<1 ., ../' . , . . . . . - -. . . o& tl,sF- . 'tt,iu,s ,,.ss,a w.;,,,.p,># so tj j.l é moves th ro U g h . . # () fj ,. ,. . .' t $? w ''A ..' '. . air at about 350 meters per . ' e W Jrp..= . > mo . 'à second. The sound of a bus 1./1. . . . X .1:,. ev ' moves faster than the bus! . 3. ' . .s.4 '.*%'.,...j O'. ' ''$'N.i.1tkvC 'k kis.c.)w e. . .' -26.m <. . .2u'. p .'k. r, r. '' 'fœ ' ' a.@ f '< . '.1 t%r*'' 4 .Njr. 2.=.. .L..'Q . . ï.v>.' F.'X. X' G0 to pages 24-25 f0r activities. Som e sounds are 1ow and som e sounds are high.W e can hear 1ow sounds and high sounds everywhere. A plane m akes The thin guitar strings vibrate fast.You can't a low sound, but when birds sing, they see them m ove. The thick strings vibrate m ake a high sound. slowly. These different types of vibration are Think about the strings of a guitar. The called frequency. The sound of the thin thin strings m ake a high sound and the strings has a high frequency.The sound of thick strings m alte a 1ow sound. the thick strings has a 1ow frequency. A baby's cry m altes a high sound and it has a high frequency. A truck m akes a 1ow sound and it has a low frequency. A baby's cry is m ade of lots of thin sound waves. The sound w aves from a truclc are thicker. Everyone's voice is different. A m an's voice is usually lower than a wom an's voice. Put your hand on the front of your throat and say som ething.W hen you speakn your throat vibrates. ln your throat, you have vocal cords.W hen you speak, air from your lungs goes between your vocal cords, and your vocal cords vibrate. W hen you sing, you use your m outh, your throat, and your chest.You m alte your vocal cords shorter or longer, so that you can sing high notes or 1ow notes. Singers can learn ' 14 how to use thel<, r bodyn . 4, ,, SO that they can slm ng ')) '. ,. ;',j( :. better. Som e s.l ngers . . .:.:. $./j, . ?i.. j,t.?'. have teachers who ( ' ,v,v . ,.- ,,.. help thenn . ' .LLb.j . ' .t, yh$'1t8@,.' T 1'2 . , .j, . .r,,,t. y. ,j..'', . ' t , y,rtz' &u'''.,, . . ) r, .-, . . .. 2. .. . t . . b. . <J-$. ' . .2.) .' .' ' . y. .. )'sj;: è' 1 .) 2rkè z'L ! : ;'. a's . . , . , ... k/; .. L .t :.:- h.. ... , t. ..t?,p rk. -),'. ,Ik, ..,'j, ),.;. .,. , ..- ) u.) :q'zk1:.. . -.-. :'.?'-xh grr. . hà. --y... t.. , ..ï) ,. ? . .. . q, y. , ,k. . ... . . . . . . , .. . p. .. . , rj . . ,. ., ,. . :4. .,,. . t , ... , -,. . .'z, ,.. y:y,. j,j,)y, yktatxjy k ,k.. u --,s-s. -:-t-o. . .. , 7..y î-thttr,t)vL,:.,.)-)' So rn e peo p l.e I n S I be rl a. ,.. . .. ca n, l ., . , ' ..,', .-..,, , '; ;L .b'''' s.l ng tWO notes at the sam' ' e t.l 'm e. '' ''. 'k . , ,, ! '' 1, : 7 ' ' ' ; '' . k.. . 1. They are catted throat-singers. v* ,. ..' ' . #i s g,$ tt j' .' t ' ;. .. 7,. ' , G 0 to pageu . ' s. 28 29. .v' . . ''. f. o. ï . : '' ' )r )' J. $ ( 'a''. )'.' Sc1'ïâ: t'(.l v .I t.l es . yjtjt.yjj;y r ttyyyy ,yyy , - yr)y,y.yj . .$W..0. . zyj j , r 4y W hen a drum m er hits a drum , the air in the drum vibrates and m altes a sound. Other Let's look at different m usical instrum ents. instrum ents, like Som e are called w ind instrum ents. Players cym bals or xylophones, i use air from their lungs when they play a m ake a sound when the wind instrum ent. player hits them . These instrum ents are called Trum pet players press the trum pet on their lips and they blow air into the ).. percussion instrum ents. trum pet. T heir lips vibrate, then the air in G uitars, violins, and cellos are stringed the trum pet vibrates and m altes a sound. instrum ents. G uitar players pluck the strings of a guitar, but violin and cello players use a bow. T hey touch the strings with the bow and the strings vibrate. A round the w orld you can tind thousands of different m usical instrum ents. ln Bali in Indonesia, there are orchestras called gam elans. In a gam elan there are lots T he ltoto is a stringed instrum ent from of different percussion instrum ents.The Japan. lt has 13 strings. Koto players pluck players in a gam elan usually sit on the floor. the strings with their thum b and two T he bandoneon is a type of wind fingers.The players m ove the sm all, white instrum ent. lt's like a box with air inside. bridges to m ake different notes. You squeeze it and it m akes a sound. ln The sitar is a stringed instrum ent from Argentina, you can listen to bandoneon lndia. It isn't easy to play. lt has lots of players in the streets. strings. Som e sitars have 23 strings. T he m usicians in an orchestra listen to their instrum ent, and to a11 the other instrum ents at the sam e tim e. T he m usicians watch their conductor, too. M usicians in an orchestra always practice N ot a11 room s are good for concerts. In a before a concert. W hen they practice, the room with flat w alls, the sound of the m usic conductor som etim es tells them to play can bounce off the walls and m alte an echo. slow er, or m ore loudly. C onductors m ove ln concert halls, the w alls are not flat. They their hands and arm s to help the orchestra. are usually m ade of different panels. T he sound bounces in different ways so there's no echo. W hen you listen to m usic, you som etim es want to tap your foot.W hen you listen to m usic with a strong rhythm , you want to dance. W hat is rhythm ? Sing your favorite song, and tap your foot, too.T he sound of your foot is the rhythm of the song. The rhythm of a roclt band is strong.W hen you listen, you want to m ove or dance.