Some factors affecting the yield and quality of sweet pepper

382 Pages·2011·11.33 MB·English

by  Tadesse, Teshome

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Somfea ctaoffresc ttihyneig e alndqd u aloifst wye et
pepp(eCra psaincnuumLu .mc) v D.o mino
thespriess einntp eadr tfiulafill meonftt h ree quirefmoetrnh tdese gree
A
of
DoctoofPr h ilosPolpahnyt (HSocriteinccuel ture)
in
at
MassUenyi versity
TeshToamdee sse
1997
Abstract
A seroifes st udwieerusen derttaoek xeanm isnoemo eft hfea ctwohrisci hn fluence
yiealndqd u aliinst wye peetp .p erthfIer sstt utdhyie n flueonfsc oemi oli sture
sta(tsutsr aenscdso ntarnodhla )r versetgiin(mgGe r eGerne,e n-aRneRdd e do)n
growth,a nyBdil eolsds omR-oEt(n BdE R) inocnis dweenpecetep p(eCra psicum
In
annuuL.m) c .v Dominwoa sc arrioeudta longas siedceo enxdp eriwmheincth
examitnheeedf foefcw ta ter osnfrt uriegtsr so wantdhd ,r mya ttperro ducatnido n
partitoifdo ensitrnugc thiavrevlesysw teepedet p ppelra. n ts
Thesset udrieevse atlheawdta tsetrre rsesd ufrcueidnt u mbeanrd,fr esahn dd ry
weighitnsc,r efruaistde rdmy a ttaenrdh astefnreumdia tt urbiutttyh ,se t aogfe
harvehsatndio ne gf foencb to tvhe getaantrdie vper odyuicetlidvse. s trWeaasntsde r
harvessttaihgnaegad l sloi tetffleec tt hioenn c idoefBn Ec.ReAn analsyhsoiwse d
thwaatt er strehsasadse ldi pghlhiatgnlhityens rc idoefBn EcRet hacno ntrpolla. n ts
Watesrtr ersesd utcheCeda c oncentorffa rutiaitno ldne av(ewsh ihcahad hiCgah er
concenttrhaafrutnii to)n.
Swepeetp pfrueirtw erteh mea jaosrs imila6t0de a yassfti entrkr sa nsplanandat si ng
plabnetsc ame getnheerwraaetsa is vtee,ad deyc liinln eeda frw ye ighRtGsRa. n d
NARp rogresisnicvreewlahysi eSldLe Aan dL AR decrewaistpehld a onntt o.gA etn y
thfIen ahla rvestp lcaohnnattadsrc oclu mu5l8a%to eftd h der mya ttaecrc umulated
int hefirrua igta i4n9s%ft o trh set repslsae.nd t s
FruCiatM, g a nKd incretahsreodu gfrhuoidutet v elopamletnhtom uogsohtft hCea
accumuldautreitndhg e earglryo wpfterhru .ii Tothd ec oncentroafalt lit ohne se
elemednetcsl idnuerdit nhrgea pidg rfrouwiptteh r i2o-4dw eekasft earn th.e sAi s
gradiinea nctc umuloafCt aiM,og na nKd int hfruei tw asf ouwnidt thhs et em-end
oft hfruei th avimnogr neu trietnhtants h bel ossno.dm B-oetwha xianngdK OH
treathmaeldni ttset flfeie nct tha ec cumuloafnt uitornii entn htfruesi . t Treatment
witKhO Hh owevselri,gi hntclrye tahsceeo dn centraantcdio onnt oefnt thmsei neral
nutrisetnu.td si ed
Swepeetp ppelra wnetrsge r owunn dNeurt rFiielnTmte chniques ystuesmi ng
(NFT)
an utrsioelnutot fEi Co2 nm S.cmH-ilg.hn eurt rcioenndtu clteivvoeif4lt ,s6y ,8 a nd
10m S.cmw-e1r aec hiebvyae ddd icnogn cenKtCrIsa otleudtt oti hobena sniuctr ient,
anadh igChas olutioannE Cwo if1t 0mh S. cmw-a1sd evelwoipteahdm ixtoufr e
KCIa nCda Calt2ar atoifo 1 ( w/.w )
Highneurt rcioenndtu citnidvuihictgeyhd eB rE Ri ncidwehnicwceha sr elattote hde
3:
suppreosfCs aiu opnt aaknead c cumuliantt hfrieuo .inT t hiwsa asc compabnyai ne d
incrienat shaeec cumuloafMt gia onnpd a rticKu. ElxartlCryaa a th ighEeClr e vel
promottheaedc cumuloafCt abi yot nhfru ei ta nd retdhuiecn ecdi doefBn Ec.ReT he
reducitnCi aou np taiknte hf er uaitht i ghEeCwr a mso rper onouanttc hebedl ossom
Abstract ii
enodf t hfreu iFtr.a ctioonfCa atc ioomnp ournedvse atlheahdti gEhC l everlesd uced
thpeh ysioloagcitciaavcleel tayic cis do luCbalc eo mpoupnadr,t icduulrianrtglh ye
rapfirdu girto wsttha wghee BnE Rw asl ikteola yp peHairg.h seorl utcioonnd uctivity
furthreerd uctehadec cumuloafCt aii ontn h reo oantds l eavwehsi ilnec reatshionsge
ofM g andK.
Highceordn uctiovfti htneyu triseonltu trieosnu ilnts emda slilz freudi rte,d ucfreudi t
drwye ighdtesc,r evaesgeedt aytiievliednt s e romsf l owelrea afr eSaL,A d,i version
ofm oraes simitlosa htoeostt hsafr nu idte,c rewaastecedor n sumpdteicorne,la esaefd
decreafrusietfId r mneisnsc,r ealseeasdft omarteasli stfranuciedt,r ym atter
'1',
contefrnutir,te spiraantdei tohny lpernoed ucatnidao dnv ancfruiintcg o locuhra nge.
Enclossiwnegep te ppfreuri wti thhy groscmoaptiecrs iuaclahss C aCla2n dN aCI
RH
reductehde aroutnhdfre u iatn dp romoCtaea dc cumulbaytt ihofrenu iFtr.u it
encloisnpe odl yethbyalgwesin teh tohuhety grosmcaotpeirchi oawlesv hearhd, i gher
and thissu ppreCsasa ecdc umulbaytt ihfruoein t T.h eu soef a nair flows ystem
RH
tor egultahtee aroutnhdfe r uhiatda s imielfafre ct.
RH
RH
High treatment parretdiucctuehlCdeaa cr olnyc entirnta htdeii osnpt aarolt ft he
fruiwth icrhe sulitnem do reB ER.T hiisn cidewnacsre e latteofrd u iCta
concentarnadt icoonan swt eelnaltst hrea toifCo a t oM ga nKd. H umdiithyo wever,
hadl itetflfeeo cnst w eepte ppfreurig tr owatnhdt haec cumuloaftM igo ann dK.
Sweepte ppiescr o nsidteobr eea dn onc limacfrtueirwtih ci cihsi ndepenodfe nt
ethylfeonrrei penCihnagr.a cteritzhaceth iaonngin e pisoC fz Hpi4c,o 2p,i 0a2sw ell
asc olocuhran gien m atugrree efrnu iatt2 0°sCh owetdh apti CzsHi4g nifIcantly
increianbs oetdah t tacahneddde tacfrhueicdto inciwdietcnhot l ocuhra nDgeet.a ched
frusihto weasd t eaddeyc liinnp ei cow2h ilaet tacfrhueisdth oweadni ncreina se
pico2d urirnigp enwiintoghu tth cel imacIttei rissc p.e cultahtatethd de e cliinn e
piC02a ndt hleo wemra gnitoufpid Cez Hi4n detfarcuhwieatdsa r esoufle tg reosfs
thegsaes tehsr otuhgpehe dircaetlht hearan p pardeinffte reinnrc iep enpihnygs iology
ofa ttacahneddd e tacfrhueidIt t.w asa lssou ggesttheatdth lea cokfc limacteric
respirianat titoanc frhueicdto ulbe dd uet ot hoev erlapopfai CnOg2 d ependent
photosynbtyth hefresu iiswt h icdhe cliwnietfshr uaigtean d fruirte spirwahtiicohn
obscutrheredi sienp iC0T2h•ea ssocibaettiwoesnew ne epte ppcevrD. o minfrou it
ripenainndtg h sei gnifiinccarneitan ps ieC zmHa4y i ndictahtaeett hylmeanybee
responfsoirrbi lpee noifsn wge epte ppfreuri t.
Them aturoifst wye epte ppfreuri ctvD ominwoa ss tudtioed de termoibnjee ctive
maturiintdyiw cheiscc ho rrewliatpthhe y siolmoagtiucraTilht eay t.tr ibeuvtaelsu ated
werfreu iftr ewseh ighdti,a metleern,gv tohl,u mpee,r ictahrpi cknfIrmneessss,.
Changienss u rfcaocleo cuhra ngTeS,Sp ,i C0p2i,C 2frHu4i,rt e spiraaswt eiloalns
ethylpernoed uction.
Frusiitza en dw eigihntc resalsoewddl uyr itnhgee a rglryo wptehr ianodd i ncreased
rapitdolwya rmdast urFirtoy8m.w eekasft earn the(Ws AAi)s unttihlfIe n ahla rvest
Abstract
thewraes n oa s ignificchaanntig nef rusiitza el thoiutig nhc reuanste9id l WAA 11 .1
Startfirno8gm W AAt hheu ea nglvea lusetsa rttode edc laicnceo mpabnyia end
increiancs her omFar.u siutr fcaocleo cuhra nagles coo inciwdietadh s ignificant
increianPs Ce2 Ha4n ads liignhctr eianPs Ce0 2r,e spiraantedit ohny lpernoed uction.
Thec hanignhe u ea ngvlael uweassf ountdob ea ne ffecmtaitvueri intdyed uxe t o
itcso rrelwaittmihoo snot f t haet triebvuatleusaT theicdso. u pledW AAw,i TtShS
andf rufiirmtn esasp pearbeedg otood indoiffruc iattm oartsu rity.
Ont hoet hhearn tdr,e atomfem natt ugrree esnw eepte ppfrueirt c vD.o minwoi th
1000 Jl-l.le1t hylpernoem ortiepde nbiyan dgv anccionlgoc uhra nTgSeS,an d acidity
oft reaftreudai stc omparweidt cho ntrTohlet. r eatmaelnsiton creafrusietd
respiraantdpiiC o0n2H •o wevterre,a tmoefnh ta lrfi pfreu iotft hsea mcev h.a dl ess
markeeffde tchta mna tugrree frueint T.r eatsiwnegep te ppfrueirto ft hcev E vidence
witeht hylaetdn ief femraetnutrs ittayhg oew erv,he adn oe ffeocnct o locuhra nge.
jy
Acknowledgements
Firsatn df oremoIs wti sht ot hanmky chiesfu perviDsro Mri keN icholfso rh is
patieanntd expert caldovssieuc pee,r visuinofna,i lsiunpgp oarntd e ncouragement
throuoghu tt hes tudpye ri.o Hdiss uppowrats i nvaluabbolteha cademicaalnldy
financially.
I wouldl ikteo r ecormdy gratittuodP er ofesEsrorro Hle wetfto rg ivinmge the
chancteo s tudya tM asseUyn iverstihtryo uhgihs u ntirienfgf oirnts ecurinmge
financiaasls ist.a nwIco euladl stoh anhki mf orh isk eeni nterienst th ep rogreosfs
my studayn df orh isv aluabaldev iceen,c ouragemaenndt criticalo fth ree view
manusc.r iHpitsc ontributwiaosnv eryv aluabtloet hes tructuarned f ocuosf t he
studyM.y hearfte ltth ankasl sgoo toP rofessNoirg eBla nkst ow hom I am
particuilarnldye btfeodrh isg eneroaudsv icaes,s istaanndc een thusiiansg mu iding
me throutghhe c hallenogfep sa rotf t her esear.c Thhea dvicIer eceivfreodm Dr
KeitFhi shwears m osth elp.fu TlhusI,e xtenmdy sincetrhea nktsoh i.m
Thankasl sgoo t ot hem anagemeanntd s tafoffP lanGtr owtUhn itw hot irelessly
helpemde int hec onstructoifto hnes tudmya teriaanldps r ovidtehdee xtram aterials
whenn eed.e dIt herefwoirseht, o c onvemyy appreciattoRi aoynJ ohnstCohna,r les
ForbeGsi,l eRsu sseLli,n dsaSyyl vaan,d L esleTya yl.o r
Ia m gratetfuolP rofesKseonrM ilnfeo rh iss uppoarntd a dvicaen df ort akicnarge
ofm y familyw'esl f.a rPeamelHao weldle servsepse citahla nkfso rs upportmiyn g
familayn dh erk indneasnsdc heerfulniesss osm ethitnobg e r emembered.
I gratefulalcyk nowledtgheet echnihceallpo fC hriRsa wlingsHoung,h N eilson,
JonathDainx onS,u eN ichlsLono,r raiDnaev iasn dM attA lexandienrp roviding
faciliatnidae sss istaTnhcanek.s a rea lsdou et oL ancCeu rriea ndB obT oeso ft he
SoiSlc ienDceep artmefnotrt heir tecahsnsiicsatlai nnmc ien eraanla l.y siwIs isht o
Acknow]edgements
thanAks sociaPtreo fesSstoerv Hea sleatntd D r BrucMea ckayf ort heivra luva ble
advicien s tatisatniaclayls ainsdD r BrucCehr istifeo rh ish elpi ng raph.i Tchse
Departmenste cretaarnidse tsa fdfes ersvpee citahla nkfso rt heicro ntinuseudp port
ande ncouragemIea nltsa.op precitahtefre i endshoiftp h ep osgtr aduastteu denotfs
theD epamretn.t
lowe a debto fg ratittuodt eh eN Z governmentf orp rovidimneg t uitifoene
scholarsthhieAp l,e mayUan iversoiftA yg ricultfuorrte h el eavoef a bsencaen d
frnancsiuaplp ofrotrm y livianlgl owanacnedM asseUyn iversfiotrpy r ovidmien g
grant-itno-fi aniadl imzye s tduy.T heD epartmefinnta'nsc ial contributmiyo n towards
studiysg ratefualclkyn owledged.
Iam deepliyn debtteomd y parenbtrsto,h erasn ds istfeorrts h eliorv aen dc ontinued
suppodrutr inmgy pursuoifte ducatoivoenrt h ey earasn dt om y in-lafwosrt heir
lovaen ds upprotM.y wifeG erdie servsepse cicarle dfiotrh eri nvolvemiennt th e
experimepnhtaasloe f t his satnuddf yo rt akinggoo dc aroef o ur baBbryo okH.e r
resilielnocveae,n ds uppohrats s ustaimnee tdh routghhi asr duotuass okf d oinag
PhD.
yj
Contents
Page
i. Abstra..c t
Acknowledg.e .m e. n.t .s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i v. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conten...t s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iv. LisotfT ab.l e.s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .1. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
li. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
v. LisotfF igur..e .s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .x .v i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii.
vi. LisotfA bbrevia.t..i.o.n..s. . .............. .......... .
XlV
1. GenerIanlt rodu.c.t.i.o.n. .. .... ... .... ..........1
. . . . . .
xx
2. Literarteuvriee. w. .... ... .... . ....... . . ..... 5
. . . . . . . .
2.1.I ntroductio.n . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Botanoyr,i gin calnads sifica.t.i.o..n ..... ... ... . .. .7. .
. .
2.3.T hef oodv aluaen du seosf c apsicu.m . ..... . . .. . .7 .
. . . . .
2.4.T hep hysioloofgp ye ppe.r . . . . . . . . .. ..9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.Th1e.o ntogeonfyp eppeprl ants. ........... .. .. .9
. .
2.4.F2lo.w erionfsg w eepte pp.e r. . . . . . . ... .1 0. . . . . . . . .
2.4.2.1T.h ei nfluenocfet emperatounr e
flowerin.g . . . . . . .. .. 1 .0 . . . . . . . . . . .
24..2.2.F lowerivnegr sulsi ghitn tensaintdy
photoper.i.o.d.. ...... . . .... 1 2
. . . .
2.4.2.3M.i nernault ritainodfln o werin.g . . .. .1 3
.
24..42.. Flowerivnegr sucsa rbohydsruaptpel y... 1 3
2.4.3F.r uitiofns gw eepte pper. ... .. ... . . . .. ..1 4
. . . . .
2.41..3 . Thee ffecotf t emperatounr efrui t
setan dd evelopmoefnp te ppe.r . .. .. 1. 4 .
2.4.3.2L.i ghitn te.nsvietrys ufrsu iste tan d
plandte velopme.nt. .... .... ... 1 4
. . .
2.44..A ssimilpaatret iti.o .ni n.g . . . . . . ... 1. 5. . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.P hysiologeiffceaclto sfw atesrtr ess. .. ... .. .... . .1 6
. . . . .
2.15..W atedre ficiatn dg rowtphr oces.s. ...... .. . . .1.7
. .
2.25..W atesrt repshso,t osyntahnedsd irsym atter
partitio.ni .ng . . . . . . . . .. ..1 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
25..3S.a lstt repslsa,n gtr owtahn dp roduct.i v.i t.y . .. ..2 0. . .
2.45..T her oloef AB A inr elattioow na tesrtr ess. . .. . .2 2
. . .
2.5.S5t.r eestsh ylepnreo ducti.o..n. ........... ....2 2
. .
2.6.B lossom-reontdA: p hysiologdiiscoarld .e r. . . . .. ..2 .3 . . . . .
2.6.1C.a usaalg entosfb lossom-reontd. .. ........... 2 4
. .
2.61..1 . Calciudme ficie.n c.y. . . . . ... 2. 4. . . . .
26.1..2. Unfavourambolies tusrtea t.us . .. .. 2.6 . .
2.16..3. Ratea ndt ypoef n utrie.nt.s .... .. 28
. .
2.61.4.. Cropg rowtrha te. . ............. 30
. .
.
yii
26..2.T hem inenruatlr ciaelnct.i .u.m. ..............3.2
26..3.C alciauvma ilaubpitlaaikntetdy r ,a nslo.c..a.t.i.o.3n 4
26...31. Calciauvma ila.b..i..l.i.t.y ....3..4.
26..3.2. Calciuupmt a.k.e.. ..............3 4
26..3.3. Calcimuomv em.e. n .t . . . . ... . 3 .5 . . . .
26..3.4. Calcitruamn sloc..a.t.i.o...n. .....3 6
26..4.F actaofrfse cctailncgui putma aknetd r ans.p.o.r...t. 38
26...41. Temper.a. t .u r.e . . . . . .. .. 3.8 . . . . . . .
26..4.2. Humid.i .t y. . . . . . . . ... .3 9. . . . . . . . .
26..4.3. Salin.i.t.y... ....... . . . .. .. .4 0. . .
26..4.4. IndoAlcee tAicci d ...........40
(IAA)
26.5.. Suggersetmeedd oifce osn troofBl E R ........... 41
.
27.. FruGirto wmtah,t uraintrdyi pepnhiynsgi o.l.o..g.y. ....4. 2
27..1.F rugirto w.t .h. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 4 .2 . . . . . . . . . . . .
27..2.M aturatainordni pe.n i..n .g . . . . . . . ... .4 .3 . . . . . . .
28.. Fruriitp e.n.i.n. g. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 4. 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. Intecrnhaaln g.e.s.. ......................4 7
. .
28..1. Fruriets pir.a..t.i..o..n. ................... 47
28..2.H ormorneaglu loaftr iiopne. n. i n. g. . . . .. .. 5.0 . . . . .
28..21.. Ther ipenhiormnogn eet hyl.e..n..e. . 51
28..2.2. Ethylbeinoes yn.t.h.e.si..s.. ...... 5 2
28..3.C arbohycdhraant.ge.e. s.. ................... 54
28..4.C hangienos r gaanciiccdo mpos.i. t .i o. n. . .. .. 5 .5 . . .
28..5. Changienas r om.a . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 5 .6 . . . . . . . . . . .
Externcahla n.g. e .s . . . . . . . . . .. .. 5.6 . . . . . . . . . . .
28..6. Colocuhra n.g.e. .....................5..6. ..
28..7. Firmnesasn cde wlall clo mpon.e. n .t s. . . .. .. 5.7 . . . .
II.
29.. Determionffa rtuimioatnt ur. i.t .y . . . . . . . ... .6 1. . . . . . . . .
29..1.M aturiintdyio cfve asr iforuu.si .t . . . . . ... .6 .2 . . . . .
2.1.0 Summa.r..y..................................64.
3. Growtdhe,v elopamnedqn uta loifst wye peetp per L.)
(Capsicaunmn uum
cvD.o minino r elattiomo oni stsuurpep ly
31.. Introdu.c.t..i o.n . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 6.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.M aterainamdle st h.o d..s . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 6.9 . . . . . . . . . . .
3.12.. Treatmaennpdtl soe txsp,e riomnee.n. t.. ........6.9
3.2.G2.r eenhPoruoscee d.u..r.e..s. ................ 70
3.2.R3.e cordsianmgp,la innadgn aly..s.i.s. .........7.2.
3.21..3 . Yiealndyd i eclodm pon.e. n .t s. .. .. 7.2 .
3.2.3.2.B lossomr-osetcn od.r. e . . . . ... .7 2. . . .
3.2.3.3.T issue mineorfCa alM, g ana anlKdy s7i3s
3.2.4.3 . Nitroagnepdnh ospho. r.o .u s. .. .. 7 .3 . .
3.2.D4.e termionfma itnieorn.a .l..s. .............7.4..
3.52.. Treatmaennpdtr so cedeuxrpee,r itmw.eo. n t. . .. .. 7.5 .
3.62.. Statipsrtoiccea.dl.u. r.e. ..................7 7
. .
Contents viii
3.3.R esul.t.s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 7.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.13.. Totafrle shf ruyiite l.d. ...................... 79
3.3.T2o.t afruli td ryw eigh.t. ......................8 0
3.3.F3r.u intu mbearn da verafrugiet si.z e. . . . . ... . 8 0. . . . .
3.3.I4n.c ideonfcb el ossom-reont.d .................8.0
3.53.. Tissue miannearlayls. i.s. ..................8..4
3.3.F6r.u igtr owtohf s weepte ppe.r. ..............8..6.
3.73.. Drym atteprr oductainodnd istribu.t.i.o..n. . ....9 0
.
3.73..1. Cropg rowtihn dic.e.s. ............ 90
3.73..2. Drym attedri stribduutriionng
ontoge.n y. . . . . . . . .. .. 9. 3. . . . . . . . .
3.73..3. Drym attedris tribduutriionng the
fmalh arve.s t. . . . . . . . ... 9. 6. . . . . . . .
3.4.D iscuss.i.o. n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 9.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3..41. Sweepte ppegrr owtahn d fruyiite l.d. ............ 98
3.4.I2n.c ideonfcb el ossom-reont.d. ................ 101
3.4.A3c.c umulatoifon nu trie.n.t.s. ...............1.0 3
3.4.F4r.u igtr owt.h . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .1 05. . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.54.. Drym atteprr oductainodnd istribut.i.o.n. ......1.0 6
3.54..1. Drym atteprr oduct.i .o n. . . .. .. .10 6. . .
3.54..2. Drym attedri stribu.t.i..o.n. ......1 09
35.. Conclus.i.on... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .1 1. 1. . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Accumulaatniddo ins triboufCt ai,Mo gn a ndK ins weepte ppferuri t
durionngt ogaesna yffe ctbeydc hemitcraela tment
41.. Introducti.o.n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .1 1. 2. . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.M ateriaanldsm ethod.s . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 1. 1.4 . . . . . . . . . .
4.21.. Greenhoupsreo cedu.r e. . . . . . . . .. .. .1 1.4 . . . . . . . .
4.2.P2l.a ngtr owinsgy steamn dt reatmaepnptl icat.i.o.n. . 114
4.2.D3a.t ac ollecatinodan n alys.i .s . . . . . . ... .1 51. . . . . . .
4.2.S4t.a tisptrioccdaelu re. ....................... 151
4.3.R esul.t.s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 1 .1 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.31.. Fruigtr owt.h . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 1.1 .6 . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.M2i.n ercaoln centratainodcn o nteonftfr uit.. .......1 16
4.3.M3i.n erdails tribuwtiitohnit nh efru it . . . . . .. .. 1 .22 . . .
.
4.4.D iscuss.i.o.n.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .1 82. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.41.. Fruigtr owt.h. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 1.8 2. . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.M2i.n ernault riaecnctu mulatbiyso wne et
peppefruri t .............................1.82
4.4.G3r.a dieonfmt i nerailnts h ef rui.t . . . . . .. .. 1.0 3. . . . .
45.. Conclus.i.o.n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 1.3 .1 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Thei nflueonfcc eo nductoiftv hinetu yt rient osnof luruigttri oownt h,
incideonfc BeE R, dmrayt tepra rtitiaonndig nags exchange
characteorfsi wseteitc sp epper L.c)v D.o mino
(Capsicaunmn uum