Somatic Cell Genetics of Woody Plants: Proceedings of the IUFRO Working Party S2. 04–07 Somatic Cell Genetics, held in Grosshansdorf, Federal Republic of Germany, August 10–13, 1987

227 Pages·1988·11.61 MB·English

by  M. R. Becwar, S. R. Wann, M. A. Johnson, S. A. Verhagen, R. P. Feirer, R. Nagmani (auth.), M. R. Ahuja (eds.)

SOMATIC CELL GENETICS OF WOODY PLANTS
FORESTRY SCIENCES
Baas P, ed: New Perspectives in Wood Anatomy. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2526-7
Prins CFL, ed: Production, Marketing and Use of Finger-Jointed Sawnwood. 1982.
ISBN 90-247-2569-0
Oldeman RAA, et aI., eds: Tropical Hardwood Utilization: Practice and Prospects. 1982.
ISBN 90-247-2581-X .
Den Ouden P and Boom BK: Manual of Cultivated Conifers: Hardy in Cold and Warm-
Temperate Zone. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2148-2
Bonga JM and Durzan DJ, eds: Tissue Culture in Forestry. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2660-3
Satoo T and Magwick HAl: Forest Biomass. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2710-3
Van Nao T, ed: Forest Fire Prevention and Control. 1982. ISBN 90-247-3050-3
Douglas J: A Re-appraisal of Forestry Development in Developing Countries. 1983.
ISBN 90-247-2830-4
Gordon JC and Wheeler CT, eds: Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Forest Ecosystems:
Foundations and Applications. 1983. ISBN 90-247-2849-5
Nemeth MV: The Virus-Mycoplasma and Rikettsia Disease of Fruit Trees.
ISBN 90-247-2868-1
Duryea ML and Landis TD, eds: Forest Nursery Manual: Production of Bareroot Seed-
lings. 1984. ISBN 90-247-2913-0
Hummel FC, ed: Forest Policy: A Contribution to Resource Development. 1984.
ISBN 90-247-2883-5
Manion PD, ed: Scleroderris Canker of Conifers. 1984. ISBN 90-247-2912-2
Duryea ML and Brown GN, eds: Seedling Physiology and Reforestation Success. 1984.
ISBN 90-247-2949-1
Staaf KAG and Wiksten NA: Tree Harvesting Techniques. 1984. ISBN 90-247-2994-7
Boyd JD: Biophysical Control of Microfibril Orientation in Plant Cell Walls. 1985.
ISBN 90-247-3101-1
Findlay WPK, ed: Preservation of Timber in the Tropics. 1985. ISBN 90-247-3112-7
Samset I: Winch and Cable Systems. 1985. ISBN 90-247-3205-0
Leary RA: Interaction Theory in Forest Ecology and Management. 1985.
ISBN 90-247-3220-4
Gessel SP: Forest Site and Productivity. 1986. ISBN 90-247-3284-0
Hennessey TC, Dougherty PM, Kossuth SV and Johnson JD, eds: Stress Physiology and
Forest Productivity. 1986. ISBN 90-247-3359-6
Shepherd KR: Plantation Silviculture. 1986. ISBN 90-247-3379-0
Sohlberg Sand Sokolov VE, eds: Practical Application of Remote Sensing in Forestry.
1986. ISBN 90-247-3392-8
Bonga JM and Durzan DJ, eds: Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry. Volume I: General
Principles and Biotechnology. 1987. ISBN 90-247-3430-4
Bonga JM and Durzan DJ, eds: Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry. Volume 2: Specific
Principles and Methods: Growth and Developments. 1987. ISBN 90-247-3431-2
Bonga JM and Durzan DJ, eds: Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry. Volume 3: Case
Histories: Gymnosperms, Angiosperms and Palms. 1987. ISBN 90-247-3432-0
(Set Vols. 1-3: ISBN 90-247-3433-9)
Richards EG, ed: Forestry and the Forest Industries: Past and Future. 1987.
ISBN 90-247-3592-0
Kossuth SV and Ross SD, eds: Hormonal Control of Tree Growth. 1987.
ISBN 90-247-3621-8
Sundberg U and Silversides CR, eds: Operational Efficiency in Forestry. Volume I:
Analysis. 1988. ISBN 90-247-3683-8
Somatic Cell Gen.etics of
Woody Plants
Proceedings oj the IUFRO Working Party S2. 04-07 Somatic Cell Genetics,
held in Grosshansdorj, Federal Republic oj Germany,
August 10-13, 1987
edited by
M.R. AHUJA
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products,
Institute of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding,
Grosshansdorf, F.R.G.
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
S D mat 1 ~ C ell 9 e net I C S 0 f "00 d Y P 1a c, t s pro e e e a 1 n 9 s 0 f : h e I UFRC
,~orklr,g PareY S2.04-C7 "So"atie Cell Ge~etles". helo In
Grossnansacr~. Federal Republlc of GeCIT,any. 10-13 AU9Lsc 1967
eo' ted by M.R. AhuJa.
p. em. -- (Forestry sCiences)
1. Trees--Propagatlon--In vltro--Ccrgresses. 2. ~rees­
-Cytogenetles--Congresses. 3. Trees--Bioteehnology--Congresses.
4. Hcody plants--Propagation--In vltro--Congresses. 5, Hcody
plants--Cytogenetics--Congresses. 6. Hoody plants--Biotee~nology­
-Ccngresses. I. AhuJa. M. R" 1933- II. IUFRO Horklng Party
S2.04-07 "Somatic Ce:l Genetjcs·'. III. SerleS.
SD403.5.S65 1988
634.9·56--dcI9 88-15C78
CIP
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7765-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-2811-4
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-2811-4
Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates
the publishing programmes of
D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk and MTP Press.
Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada
by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A.
In all other countries, sold and distributed
by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group,
P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
All Rights Reserved
@ 1988 by Kluwer Academic Publishers
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1988
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
induding photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Participants (Photo) xiv
WELCOME ADDRESS - D. Noack xvii
OPENING REMARKS - G.H. Melchior xix
INTRODUCTION - M.R. Ahuja xxi
SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS
DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF IN VITRO EMBRYOGENIC
SYSTEMS IN CONIFERS - M.R. Becwar, S.R. Wann, M.A. Johnson,
S.A. Verhagen, R.P. Feirer and R. Nagmani
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION 1
3. INITIATION OF EMBRYOGENIC CALLUS IN CONIFERS 2
3.1. Picea 2
3~ Origin of embryogenic callus 2
3.1.2. Optimum initiation window 2
3.1.3. Quantification of embryogenic capacity 4
3.2. Pinus 5
3~ Pond pine 5
3.2.2. Loblolly pine 7
3.2.3. white pine 7
3.3. Comparison of in vitro embryogenesis in Pinus and Picea 7
4. BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF EMBRYOGENIC CONIFER CALLUS 9
5. ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF EMBRYOGENIC CONIFER
CALLUS 10
6. CONIFER EMBRYOGENIC SUSPENSION CULTURE 12
7. DEVELOPMENT OF CONIFER SOMATIC EMBRYOS TO PLANTS 12
8. COMPARISON OF IN VIVO AND IN VITRO CONIFER EMBRYOGENESIS 14
9. SuMMARY 14
STUDIES ON EMBRYOGENESIS OF WOODY PLANTS IN CHINA - Chen
Zhenghua, Yao Yuguang and Zhang Lihua 19
o. ABSTRACT 19
1. INTRODUCTION 19
2. FACTORS AFFECTING EMBRYOID FORMATION 19
2.1. Pretreatment 19
2.2. Explant 20
2.3. Media and its supplements 20
2.4. Environmental factors 20
3. ORIGIN OF EMBRYOIDS 21
3.1. Embryoids from pollen 21
3.2. Embryoids from somatic tissue 21
4. ABNORMAL EMBRYOIDS AND MEASURES TO PREVENT THEIR
FORMATION 22
4.1. Abnormal embryoid types 22
4.1.1. Abnormal globular, heart, torpedo, and rod shaped 22
4.1.2. Embryoids from multiple meristems 22
vi
4.1.3. Embryoids with abnormal root and shoot poles 22
4.1.4. Embryoids with abnormal cotyledons 22
4.1.5. Vitreous embryo ids 22
4.2. Measures to prevent formation of abnormal embryo ids 22
4.2.1. Embryoid maturation 22
4.2.2. Hormone adjustments 23
4.2.3. Removal of toxins 23
4.2.4. Removal of abnormal embryo ids from culture
MORPHOLOGICAL DEFINITION OF PHENOCRITICAL PERIOD FOR
INITIATION OF HAPLOID EMBRYOGENIC TISSUE FROM EXPLANTS
OF LARIX DECIDUA - P. von Aderkas and J.M. Bonga 29
ABSTRACT 29
1. INTRODUCTION 29
2. PROCEDURE 30
2.1. Materials and methods 30
2.1.1. Description of source material 31
2.1.2. Establishment of morphological markers 31
2.1.3. Application of morphological markers 32
2.1 .4. Degree-days 32
2.1.5. Megagametophyte position 32
2.1.6. Statistics 32
2.1 .7. Induction 32
3. RESULTS 32
3.1.1. Morphological markers of Larix decidua 32
3.1.2. Predictive value of morphological markers for
Larix 33
3.1.3. Predictive value of morphological markers of
Larix decidua on inducibility of Picea glauca 34
3.1.4. Megagametophyte position in Larix~dua 34
4. DISCUSSION 36
PRODUCTION OF HAPLOID PLANTLETS IN CULTURES OF UNPOLINATED
OVULES OF HEVEA BRASILIENSIS MUELL.-ARG - Chen Zhenghua,
Li Wenbin, Zhang Lihua, Xu Xuen and Zhang Shijie 39
o. ABSTRACT 39
1. INTRODUCTION 39
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 39
2.1. Explant 39
2.2. Surface sterlization 40
2.3. Excision and inoculation 40
2.4. Culture media 4()
2.4.1. Dedifferentiation medium 40
2.4.2. Differentiation medium 40
2.4.3. Plant forming medium 40
2.4.4. Environmental factors 40
2.5. Cytological procedures 41
3. RESULTS 42
4. DISCUSSION
SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS IN TISSUE CULTURES OF WALNUT
(JUGLANS NIGRA, J. MAJOR AND HYBRIDS J. NIGRA X J.
REGIA) - D. Cornu 45
ABSTRACT 45
1. INTRODUCTION 45
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS 45
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 46
IN VITRO EMBRYOGENIC CALLUS FORMATION IN CHIMONANTHUS -
L. Radojevic, N. Djordjevic and M. Guc-Scekic 51
PLANT REGENERATION OF HORSE CHESTNUT BY IN VITRO CULTURE -
L. Radojevic 53
GENETIC TRANSFORMATION
A MODEL SYSTEM FOR GENE TRANSFER IN CONIFERS: EUROPEAN
LARCH AND AGROEACTERIUM - D.F. Karnosky, A.M. Diner and
W.M. Barnes 55
1. ABSTRACT 55
2. INTRODUCTION 56
3. MICROPROPAGATION 56
4. GENE TRANSFER 57
5. POTENTIAL FOR GENETIC IMPROVEMENT 59
REGENERATION AND TRANSFORMATION OF APPLE PLANTS USING
WILD-TYPE AND ENGINEERED PLASMIDS IN AGROBACTERIUM SPP. -
D.J. James, A.J. Passey, S. Predieri and E. Rugini 65
ABSTRACT 65
1. INTRODUCTION 65
2. PROCEDURE 66
2.1. Materials and methods 66
2.1.1. Micropropagation and regeneration 66
2.1.2. Transformation procedures 66
2.2. Statistical treatments 67
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 67
3.1. Regeneration from complex explants - somaclonal
variation 67
3.2. Transformation with Agrobacterium spp. 68
3.2.1. Agrobacterium tumefaciens - wild type plasmids 68
3.2.2. Agrobacterium tumefaciens - disarmed engineered
plasmids - binary vectors 68
3.2.3. Agrobacterium rhizogenes co-culture 69
3.2.4. Shoot inoculation------- 69
EXPRESSION OF AN HERBICIDE TOLERANCE GENE IN YOUNG PLANTS
OF A TRANSGENIC HYBRID POPLAR CLONE - D.E. Riemenschneider,
B.E. Haissig, J. Sellmer and J.J. Fillatti 73
ABSTRACT 73
1. INTRODUCTION 73
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 74
viii
2.1. Genetic transformation 74
2.2. In vitro propagation 75
2.3. Roundup spray tests 75
2.4. Agrbacterium assay 7G
3. RESULTS 76
3.1. Roundup spray tests 76
3.2. Agrobacterium assay 78
4. DISCUSSION 78
TRANSFORMATION OF HYBRID POPULUS TREMULA X P. ALBA BY
AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS - M.F. Michel, F. Delmotte
and C. Depierreux 81
GENE TRANSFER IN WOODY PLANTS: PERSPECTIVES AND LIMITATIONS
- M.R. Ahuja 83
O. ABSTRACT 83
1. INTRODUCTION 83
2. HYBRIDIZATION 84
2.1. Backcross 84
3. FUSION OF PROTOPLASTS 86
4. AGROBACTERIUM PLASMID-VECTOR SYSTEM 87
4.1. Biology 87
4.1.1. The Ti plasmid 87
4.1.2. The genes in T-DNA 87
4.1.3. The virulence region 87
4.1.4. The T-DNA borders 88
4.2. Vectors for gene transfer 88
4.2.1. Selectable marker genes 89
5. TRANSFORMATION IN TREE SPECIES 90
5.1. Tumor formation and growth autonomy 90
5.2. Gene transfer with selectable markers 90
6. TRANSFER OF FOREIGN GENES WITHOUT AGROBACTERIUM MEDIATION 00
6.1_ The delivery system 90
6.2. Direct gene transfer into protoplasts 91
6.3. Direct injection of DNA 91
6.3.1. Microinjection 91
6.3.2. Injection into plants 91
7. GENETICS OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS 92
7.1. Inheritance of selectable markers 92
7.2. Somatoclonal variation 94
8. PERSPECTIVES AND LIMITATIONS 94
GENETIC CONTROL OF MORPHOGENESIS
SOMATIC CELL GENETIC RESEAKCH IN FORESTRY: INTEGRATION OF
CYTOGENETICS, TISSUE CULTURE, AND MOLECULAR GENETICS -
S.E. Schlarbaum 103
ABSTRACT 103
1. INTRODUCTION 103
104
2. REVIEW
104
2.1. Somatic cell hybridization
105
2.2. Chromosome- and microcell-mediated gene transfer
107
2.3. Flow cytogenetics
IX
3. DISCUSSION 108
3.1. Gene mapping 108
3.1.1. Biochemical markers and genetic probes lOR
3.1.2. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) 108
3.1.3. Saturated linkage maps 110
3.2. Somatic cell genetics and tree improvement 111
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS 112
DIFFERENTIAL NORMS OF REACTION IN TISSUE CULTURE OF BIRCH -
Heide Glock 119
ABSTRACT 119
1. INTRODUCTION 119
2. MATERIAL 119
3. METHODS 120
4. CHARACTERS 120
5. MODEL 121
6. RESULTS 122
7. DISCUSSION 124
DETERMINATION OF PLANTLET REGENERATION CAPACITY OF SELECTED
ASPEN CLONES IN VITRO - M. R. l',huja, D. Krusche and G. H.
Melchior 127
O. ABSTRACT 127
1. INTRODUCTION 127
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS 128
2.1. Culture of bud meristems 128
2.2. Statistical analysis 128
3. RESULTS 129
3.1. Response of MS to BA-treatments 129
3.2. Response of MS to families and BA-treatments 130
3.3. Correlation of MS induction with other morphological
and physiological traits 130
4. DISCUSSION 131
4.1. Optimal BA concentration for MS induction 131
4.2. Differential response of families to BA treatments 132
4.3. Correlation between MS and other traits 132
4.4. Aging and micropropagation 133
4.5. Approval and release of clones into practice 133
SUSPENSION CULTURE OF DIPTEROCARP SHOREA ROXBURGHII G. DON.
- D.S Gunasekara, E.S. Scott and A.N. Rao
137
ABSTRACT
137
1. INTRODUCTION
137
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
137
2.1. Cell culture
137
2.2. Stock culture 138
2.3. Growth curves 138
2.4. Plating on solid medium 138
2.5. Observations 138
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 138
3.1 Establishment and growth of suspension cultures 138
x
3.2. Plating suspension on agar medium 140
3.3. Observation on cells in suspension 140
4. CONCLUSIONS 140
ISOZYME ANALYSIS OF MICROPROPAGATED BETULA PENDULA ROTH. -
Grzegorz Kosinski, Amanda M. Gordon and Ian R. Brown 143
1. INTRODUCTION 143
2. PROCEDURE 143
2.1. Materials and methods 143
3. RESULTS 1 if3
4. DISCUSSION 144
TISSUE CULTURE STUDIES OF MAHOGANY TREE, SWEITENIA -
S. Venketeswaran , M.A.D.L. Dias, S. Sultanbawa and U.V.
Weyers 147
1. ABSTRACT 141
2. INTRODUCTION 147
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 143
3.1. Seed material 148
3.2. Methods 148
3.2.1. Callus initiation 148
3.2.2. Culture media 148
3.2.3. Micropropagation 148
4. RESULTS 143
4.1. General growth response 148
4.2. Response of cotyledons 148
4.3. Response of stern segments and leaf tissue 149
4.4. Progress in micropropagation 149
150
5. CONCLUSIONS AND PROSPECTS
ATTEMPTS TO MICROPROPAGATE MATURE LARIX DECIDUA MILL. -
J.M. Bonga and P. von Aderkas 155
ABSTRACT 155
1. INTRODUCTION 155
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 156
156
2.1. Collection and storage
156
2.1.1. Female cones at around the time of meiosis
156
2.1.2. Vegetative and sexual buds
157
2.2. Surface sterlization and excision
157
2.2.1. Female cones at about the time of meiosis
157
2.2.2. Vegetative and sexual buds
157
2.3. Media and culture conditions
157
3. RESULTS
157
3.1. Description of shoot and root development
3.1.1. Female cones at about the time of meiosis 157
3.1.2. Vegetative and sexual buds 159
160
3.2. The effect of some experimental variables
160
3.2.1. Recording of data
3.2.2. Experiments with female cones collected when
160
at or near meiosis
161
3.2.3. Experiments with vegetative and sexual buds
161
4. DISCUSSION