Somaclonal Variation in Crop Improvement I

697 Pages·1990·21.356 MB·English

by  Y. P. S. Bajaj (auth.), Professor Dr. Y. P. S. Bajaj (eds.)

Volumesalreadypublished
Volume 1:Trees1(1986)
Volume 2:Crops I(1986)
Volume 3:Potato(1987)
Volume 4:Medicinal and AromaticPlants I(1988)
Volume 5:TreesII (1989)
Volume 6:Crops II (1988)
Volume 7:Medicinal and AromaticPlants II (1989)
Volume 8:PlantProtoplastsand GeneticEngineeringI(1989)
Volume 9:PlantProtoplastsand GeneticEngineeringII (1989)
Volume 10:Legumes and Oilseed Crops I(1990)
Volume 11:Somaclonal VariationinCrop ImprovementI(1990)
Volume 12:HaploidsinCrop Improvement1(1990)
Volumesinpreparation
Volume 13:Wheat(1990)
Volume 14:Rice (1991)
Volume 15:Medicinal and AromaticPlants III (1991)
Volume 16:TreesIII (1991)
Biotechnology in
Agriculture and Forestry 11
Somaclonal Variation
in Crop Improvement I
s.
Edited by Y P. Bajaj
With 168 Figures
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
ProfessorDr. Y.P.S. BAJAJ
A-137
NewFriendsColony
New Delhi 110065,India
ISBN978-3-642-08077-7 ISBN978-3-662-02636-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-02636-6
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData.Somaclonalvariationincropimprovement
/editedbyY.P.S.Bajaj.p. em.--(Biotechnologyinagriculture andforestry ;11-lncludes
bibliographicalreferences. 1.Plantpropagation- - In vitro.2. Plant breeding.3.Botany
-Variation.4.Crops--Breeding.I. Bajaj,Y.P.S., 1936- .II.Series.SBI23.6.S65 1990
631.5'23--dc20 89-26245
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerial
isconcerned,specificallythe rightsoftranslation, reprinting, re-useofillustrations,recitation,
broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinotherways,and storageindata banks.Duplica
tion ofthispublicationor parts thereofisonlypermittedunderthe provisionsofthe German
Copyright LawofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion, andacopyrightfeemustalwaysbe
paid. Violationsfallunder theprosecutionactoftheGermanCopyrightLaw.
©Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1990
OriginallypublishedbySpringer-VerlagBerlinHeidelbergNewYorkin1990.
Softcoverreprintofthehardcover 1stedition 1990
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoes
notimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherele
vantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneral use.
Typesetting:InternationalTypesettersInc.,Makati,Philippines
2131/3145(3011)-543210- Printedonacid-freepaper
Dedicated to my Mother
Mrs. Kundan Kaur Bajaj
Preface
Geneticerosions inplant cellcultures,especiallyinchromosomenumber
and ploidy level, have now been known for over 25years. Until the mid
-1970ssuchchangeswereconsideredundesirableandthereforediscarded
becausethe mainemphasiswasonclonalpropagationandgeneticstability
of cultures. However, since the publication on somaclonal variation by
Larkin and Scowcroft (1981)there has been a renewed interestto utilize
these in vitro obtainedvariationsfor crop improvement. Studiesconduc
ted during the last decade have shown that callus cultures, especially on
peridical subculturingover anextendedperiod oftime, undergomorpho
logical and genetic changes, i.e. polyploidy, aneuploidy, chromosome
breakage, deletions, translocations,gene amplification, inversions,muta
tions,etc. Inaddition, there arechangesatthe molecularandbiochemical
levelsincludingchangesintheDNA,enzymes,proteins,etc.Suchchanges
are now intentionally induced, and useful variants are selected. For
instance inagriculturalcrops suchaspotato,tomato,tobacco,maize,rice
and sugarcane,plants showingtoleranceto anumberofdiseases, viruses,
herbicides and salinity, have been isolated in cell cultures. Likewise
inductionofmale sterility inrice, and wheat showingvarious levelsoffer
tilityandgliadin, havebeen developedinvitro.These academicexcercises
open newavenues forplant breedersand pathologists.
Anotherareaoftremendouscommercialimportanceinthe pharmaceuti
cal industry isthe selection of celllines showinghigh levelsof medicinal
and industrial compounds.Already highshikonin containingsomaclones
inLithospermumare beingusedcommercially.Somaclonal variationalso
enables theadditionorintensificationofonlyonefeaturetoanestablished
variety possessing a combination of most of the useful agronomic traits.
Althoughdesirable materialgeneratedinvitrowould help toincrease the
much needed genetic variability in crops, one has to be cautious with
respect to field aspects which are the most important criteria for crop
improvement. A judicious rather than an overenthusiastic approach isto
be commended.
Takingthe above mentioneddevelopmentsintoconsiderationthe present
book on SOMACLONALVARIAnON IN CROPIMPROVEMENTI
has beencompiled.Itcomprises 29chapterscontributedbyinternational
experts on various aspects of somaclonal variation, i.e. the genetic and
molecular basis ofvariability, gene amplification, mosaics and chimeras,
VIII Preface
role ofenvironments, and the variabilityoftolerance tosalinity, nemato
des, diseases, etc.inplantcellcultures. Eighteenindividual chaptersdeal
exclusivelywith the induction of somaclonal variation in cereals, vegeta
bles,fruits and ornamentals,toincludingsuchcropsasrice,maize, barley,
potato, tomato, eggplant, cucurbits, sugarbeet, chicory, strawberry,
peach,geraniums,fuchsia, carnations,Haworthia, Weigela, alfalfa,Nico
tianaspp.The meritsanddemeritsofsomaclonalvariationandtheirimpli
cations inplantbreedingare discussed.
Sincesomaclonalvariationinplantcellcultureshasbeenthefocusofinter
est recentlyfor the inductionofmuch neededgeneticvariabilityincrops,
this book will be of great assistance to research workers, teachers and
advancedstudents of plantbiotechnology, tissue culture, genetics, horti
culture,plantpathology, and especially plantbreeding.
NewDelhi,March 1990 ProfessorY.P.S.BAJAJ
Series Editor
Contents
SectionI SomaclonalVariation; Chromosomal, Geneticaland
MolecularVariability; GeneAmplification;Mosaics andChimeras;
VariabilityforToleranceto SalinityandNematodes
I. 1 SomaclonalVariation - Origin, Induction, Cryopreservation,
and Implicationsin PlantBreeding
Y.P.S. BAJAJ (With16Figures)
1 Introduction . . . . ... .. . . .. . . 3
2 Originand MolecularBasis of Variation 6
3 InductionofVariability . 8
4 SomaclonalVariationinVariousCrops 21
5 CryopreservationofSomaclones 31
6 ImplicationsinPlantBreeding 32
References . .. . . . . . . . . . . 35
I. 2 ChromosomeVariationinPlantTissueCulture
H. OGURA(With4Figures)
1 Introduction.. ... ... .. ... ... . ... . . . . 49
2 ChromosomeConstitutionofCallus and Suspensionfrom
SomaticTissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3 ChromosomalConstitutionof Plantsor ShootsRegenerated
from Callus or Cell Suspension 58
4 NuclearConditionsof Protoplast-DerivedPlants 68
5 Karyological AnalysesofSomaticHybrids . . 70
6 Karyologyof GeneticallyTransformedPlants . 73
7 ConcludingRemarks 74
References 76
I. 3 GeneticMosaicsand Chimeras: ImplicationsinBiotechnology
M. MARCOTRIGIANO(With3Figures)
1 General Account . . . 85
2 FormationofChimeras 90
3 SeparationofChimeras 92
4 Chimerismand SomaclonalVariation 95
X Contents
5 Direct Implications ofChimerisminTissueCultureand
GeneticEngineering . . 97
6 "EpigeneticChimeras"? 104
7 Concluding Remarks 105
References 106
I. 4 GeneticBasesofVariationfrominVitro Tissue Culture
M.SIBI (With4Figures)
1 Variant Plants Resulting fromTissueCulture:
History, Heredity, andTerminology 112
2 GeneticPotential, inVitro Phase Durationand Variability 114
3 VariantPlants RegeneratedfrominVitro CulturedCells 116
4 Plant Organizationand HereditaryTransmissibility
ofthe OriginalCellModifications . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5 ExperimentalApproachofthe BiologicalSystemsImplied 119
6 In Vitro VariantsinLettuceand Tomato 126
7 Conclusions 128
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
I. 5 Molecular BasisofSomaclonalVariation
S.G. BALL(With2Figures)
1 Introduction . . .. .. . .. . . .. . . . ... . . . 134
2 IsSomaclonal VariationCulture-Induced? . .. . . . 134
3 Molecular Aspects:The ProblemofCause and Effect . 135
4 The Use ofZymograms to Investigate the Originof
Somaclonal Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
5 Overall DNAAmountsand Repetitive DNA
CopyNumberChanges .. . . . . . . . . . 139
6 PlantTransposableElementsandSomaclonal Variation 142
7 DNAMethylationand PlantTissueCulture. 143
8 OrganelleDNAChanges 145
9 Conclusions 148
References ... . . . . . . 149
I. 6 Gene Amplification and RelatedEvents
W. NAGL(With 18Figures)
1 Introduction... . . . . . . . . . . . .. 153
2 The Plasticityofthe Plant Genome . . . . 154
3 UnstableGene Amplification and CellFunction 157
4 DifferentialDNAReplication . . . . . . . . . . 166
5 Stable (Permanent) DNA Amplification asaFactor
ofEvolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
6 Role ofGene Amplification inSomaclonal Variation
inPlants . . . . . . . . . . . 179
7 MechanismsofAmplification . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Contents XI
8 ConcludingRemarks 185
References . . . . . . . 186
1.7 OpticalTechniquesto MeasureGeneticInstability
inCell and TissueCultures
G.P.BERLYN,A.a.ANORUO,and R.C. BECK(With8Figures)
1 Introduction . . .. 202
2 Basic Information . . . . 203
3 VariationinCulture . .. 204
4 Microspectrophotometry 204
5 DNACytofluorometry . 214
6 Summaryand Conclusions 220
References . 221
1.8 EnvironmentallyInducedVariationinPlantDNA
and AssociatedPhenotypicConsequences
C.A.CULLIS (With3Figures)
1 Introduction. . . . . . ... . . . . ..... . . . 224
2 ThePlantGenome . 224
3 EnvironmentallyInducedHeritableChangesinFlax 225
4 Stabilityof the Genomein Inbredsand Hybrids . 229
5 SomaclonalVariation 229
6 Conclusions 233
References . 234
1.9 SomaclonalVariationfor Salt Resistance
M.TAL
1 Introduction .. . .. . . .. . ... . .. 236
2 Salt-ResistantSomaclones . 237
3 Physiologyand GeneticsofSalt Resistance
inCell Culture . . . . . . . 245
4 Discussionand Perspectives 249
5 Protocols 251
References . . . . 252
1.10 SomaclonalVariationfor NematodeResistance
G.FASSULIOTIS(With4Figures)
1 Introduction. . .. . .. .. . 258
2 Eggplant(Solanum melongena) 259
3 Potato (Solanum tuberosum) 264
4 DiscussionandConclusions 265
References . . . . . . . . . . . 267