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Third Edition SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY An Introduction Third Edition SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY An Introduction Lesley E.Smart Elaine A.Moore Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York Singapore A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc. Published in 2005 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487–2742 © 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/. No claim to original U.S. Government works 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 0-203-49635-3 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-61063-6 (OEB Format) International Standard Book Number-10:0-7487-7516-1 (Print Edition) (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13:9780-7487-7516-3 (Print Edition) (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 2004058533 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access http://www.copyright.com/ (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978–750–8400. CCC is a not-for- profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Smart, Lesley. Solid state chemistry: an introduction/Lesley Smart and Elaine Moore.–3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7487-7516-1 (alk. paper) 1. Solid state chemistry. I. Moore, Elaine (Elaine A.) II. Title. QD478.S53 2005 541′.0421–dc22 2004058533 Taylor & Francis Group is the Academic Division of T&F Informa plc. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Dedicated to Graham, Sam, Rosemary, and Laura Preface to the Third Edition Solid state and materials chemistry is a rapidly moving field, and the aim of this edition has been to bring the text as up to date as possible with new developments. A few changes of emphasis have been made along the way. Single crystal X-ray diffraction has now been reduced in Chapter 2 to make way for a wider range of the physical techniques used to characterize solids, and the number of synthetic techniques has been expanded in Chapter 3. Chapter 5 now contains a section on fuel cells and electrochromic materials. In Chapter 6, the section on low-dimensional solids has been replaced with sections on conducting organic polymers, organic superconductors, and fullerenes. Chapter 7 now covers mesoporous solids and ALPOs, and Chapter 8 includes a section on photonics. Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) and colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) have been added to Chapter 9, and p-wave (triplet) superconductors to Chapter 10. Chapter 11 is new, and looks at the solid state chemical aspects of nanoscience. We thank our readers for the positive feedback on first two editions and for the helpful advice which has led to this latest version. As ever, we thank our friends in the Chemistry Department at the OU, who have been such a pleasure to work with over the years, and have made enterprises such as this possible.