Solid Propellant Chemistry, Combustion, and Motor Interior Ballistics

999 Pages·2000·63.69 MB·English

by  Yang

Solid Propellant Chemistry,
Combustion, and Motor
Interior Ballistics
Edited by
Vigor Y ang
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, Pennsylvania
Thomas B. Brill
University of Delaware
Newark, Delaware
Wu-Zhen Ren
China Ordnance Society
Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Volume 185
PROGRESS IN
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS
Paul Zarchan, Editor-in-Chief
Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Published by the
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.
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ISBN 1-56347-442-5
Preface
We hope that readers will be interested in and will benefit from the international
collection of high quality research papers and overviews presented in this Progress
Series volume. The authors are among the most highly regarded scientists in the
field of solid rocket propulsion, and come from the countries of Australia, Canada,
China, France, Japan, Russia, and the United States. The volume embraces three
subject areas: 1) solid propellant chemistry, synthesis, and formulation, 2) com-
bustion of solid energetic materials, and 3) motor interior ballistics. A total of 39
papers have been included in the compilation, which is structured in such a man-
ner as to provide a well-rounded balance of basic scientific research and applied
technology.
Putting together this issue was not easy. We were reminded of the emotional
tone poem entitled “Tod und Verklmng” (“Death and Transfiguration”) by the
19th century German composer Richard Strauss. While composing this volume,
we wondered on several occasions whether world events and national policies
had doomed the effort to the trash bin, but we found in the end that the healthier
course of transfiguration enabled it to come to fruition. Originally imagined, this
was to be a special issue of the Journal of Propulsion and Power that compiled
recent fundamental advancements in the chemistry and physics related to solid-
propellant rocket motors. At the same time, Chinese scientists were in the process
of organizing a symposium largely based on the papers presented herein. Owing
to several unfortunate world events that were completely outside the spheres of
everyone involved in the technical effort, the best-laid plans had to be scuttled
and the meeting canceled. This archival effort could be salvaged, however, if in a
modified form. The papers contained in this volume are therefore in large part those
originally planned, although several could not be included, for reasons beyond the
editors’ control.
From a technical point of view, a wide range of topics is covered in some
depth. Most of the papers deal with advanced materials and nontraditional for-
mulations. The chemical aspects of organic and inorganic components in relation
to decomposition mechanisms, kinetics, combustion, and modeling are a primary
focus of Parts I and I1 of this volume. It is not possible to practice these fields
without carefully attending to the safety issues, and so we have included several
contributions on hazards and explosive characteristics. The field of experimental
and computational interior ballistics research, overviewed in Part 111, is moving
quickly to include chemical information and the physics of the complex flowfield.
One motivation for melding the areas of chemistry and turbulent flows is the hope
of eventually learning how to control combustion dynamics in solid rocket motors
through the use of chemical effects. We hope that this Progress Series volume will
stimulate interest in continuing toward this goal.
The editors sincerely appreciate the patience and hard work of the scholars who
contributed to this volume. We owe a large debt of gratitude to Woody Waesche for
his extremely valuable support and encouragement throughout this effort. Enabling
financial support was provided by the Pennsylvania State University, the American
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and the China International Culture
Exchange Center.
xxiii
xxiv
Finally, we wish to express our thanks to Mary Newby and Fengqi Zhao for
handling voluminous correspondence among editors, authors, reviewers, and the
AIAA. Anna Creese deserves special acknowledgment for her outstanding effort
in the technical editing of the manuscripts. We are also grateful to Quinn Brewster,
Rong-Jie Yang, Eun Kim, Robert Glick, Aiyu Zhang, and Danning You for proof-
reading manuscripts and providing technical drawing services. The friendly and
professional assistance of Rodger Williams, Heather Brennan, and Brian Haefs of
the AIAA in publishing the volume is sincerely appreciated.
The individuals who provided their time and expertise toward reviewing the
papers in this volume deserve special recognition. Their names appear below.
William Anderson Gary Flandro Bernard Matkowsky
Merrill Beckstead Robert Frey Martin Miller
Richard Behrens Robert Geisler John Murdock
Fred Blomshield Robert Glick Jamie Neidert
M. Quinn Brewster Donna Hanson-Parr Vitali Nesterenko
Thomas Brill Paul Harris Yoshio Oyumi
Robert Brown Thomas Highsmith Timothy Pan
Victor Burnley Memll K. King Joseph Powers
Rodney Burton Naminosuke Kubota Edward Price
P. Barry Butler Ellis Landsbaum Ron Simmons
Weidong Cai Shui-Chi Li Steven F. Son
Robert Chapman Yeong-Cherng Liau A1 Stem
May Chen Ming-Chang Lin Stefan Thynell
Paul Clavin Tom Litzinger John Vanderhoff
Norman Cohen John Lyman Francois Vuillot
Fred Culick Joe Majdalani R.H. Woodward Waesche
Joe Flanagan Stephen Margolis Saburo Yuasa
Vigor Yang
Thomas B. Brill
Wu-Zhen Ren
April 2000
Color Reproductions for Chapter 2.15 (courtesy of Defence Science and
Technology Organization, Salisbury, Australia)
Fig. 2 Temperature distribution in SSCB at a) time = 1360 s (before ignition) and
b) time = 1520 s (during combustion).
Fig. 3 Von Mises stress contours in SSCB at a) time = 1360 s (before ignition) and
b) time = 1520 s (during combustion).
xxv
Color Reproductions for Chapter 3.4 (courtesy of ONERA and Societe
Nationale des Poudres et Explosifs [Fig. 191, Chltillion, France)
Fig. 2 Aluminum droplets in combustion immediately above propellent surface,
AP/AVHTPB propellant, chamber pressure = 0.6 MPa.
360
- Butdire
300 Butahmine 596
240
s
5
1
'*O
9.
120
60
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
x fm) x fm)
Fig. 7 Vorticity contour plot for the Butalite computation and Fourier coefficients
of the first mode along the chamber axis.
xxvi
Distributedcanbustim
Fig. 10 Temperature fields for the two approaches.
110 pm
65 pm
35 pm
Fig. 19 Droplet volume fraction in the aft segment of the motor for three droplet
sizes.
xxvii
4
dime ter (p m) diameter (rm)
Section 1 Section 2
3 .I
diameter (pm)
Section 3
Fig. 13 Droplet size distributions in different sections (model 1).
Section 1 Section 2
c
ap 20
0 100 300 500
diameter (pm)
Section 3
Fig. 14 Droplet size distributions in different sections (model 2).
xxviii
Table of Contents
.................................................
Preface xxiii
.
I Propellant Chemistry. Synthesis. and Formulation
Chapter 1.1 Flash Pyrolysis of Ammonium
Perchloratt+Hydroxyl-Terminated-PolybutadieneM ixtures
...............................
Including Selected Additives 3
T. B . Brill and B . T. Budenz University of Delaware. Newark. Delaware
Introduction .............................................. 3
Flash Thermolysis Experiments ................................ 4
Decomposition of the Pure Materials ............................ 6
PUreAp ................................................ 6
HTPB ................................................. 10
AP-HTPB Mixture ......................................... 11
Thermal Stability of the Mixture ............................... 12
Gaseous Products ......................................... 13
EffectofPressure ......................................... 18
AP-HTPB with Ti02 and Melamine ............................. 20
Conclusions .............................................. 22
References ............................................... 23
Chapter 1.2 Gas-Phase Chemical Kinetics of [C. H. N. 01 Systems
.......................
Relevant to Combustion of Nitramines 33
D . Chakraborty and M . C . Lin Emory University. Atlanta. Georgia
Introduction .............................................. 33
Computational Methods ...................................... 34
Potential-Energy Profile and Reaction Mechanisms ................... 34
Rate Constant Calculations ................................... 35
Results and Discussions ...................................... 36
Systems Relevant to the Early-Stage Combustion of ADN ............... 36
Systems Relevant to the Early-Stage Decomposition of RDX/HMX ........ 51
Conclusions .............................................. 64
References ............................................... 65
............
Chapter 1.3 Reactivity of Azide Polymer Propellants 73
Yoshio Oyumi Japan Defence Agency. Tokyo. Japan
Introduction .............................................. 73
Experiments .............................................. 73
Structural Analysis ........................................ 73
Thermal Analysis ......................................... 73
Burning-Rate and Temperature-Profile Measurements ................. 74
vii
Results and Discussion ...................................... 74
Microstructure of BAMO/NMMO Copolymer ...................... 74
Thermal Decomposition ..................................... 75
BAMOCopolymers ........................................ 76
Improvement of Mechanical Properties ........................... 81
BurningRate .............................................. 82
BAMO/NMMO/AP Propellants ................................ 82
BAMOIAMMOIAN Propellants ................................ 87
GAP/AN Propellants ....................................... 92
BAMO/NMMO/AN Propellants ................................ 93
Conclusions .............................................. 94
References ............................................... 95
Chapter 1.4 Effect of Molecular Struc..tu..r.e. o.n. .C..o.m..b.u.s.t.io..n. ....
of Polynitrogen Energetic Materials 99
V. P. Sinditskii. A . E. Fogelzang. V. Yu . Egorshev. V. V. Serushkin. and
V. I . Kolesov Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology. Moscow. Russia
Nomenclature ............................................. 99
Introduction .............................................. 100
Experimental Methods ....................................... 100
Results and Discussion ...................................... 101
Combustion of Hydrazoic Acid and its Onium Salts ................... 101
Combustion of Organic Azides ................................. 106
Combustion of Tetrazoles .................................... 114
Comparison with Nitrocompounds .............................. 120
Conclusions .............................................. 125
References ............................................... 125
Chapter 1.5 Molecular Structure Tailoring of Binders
......................................
in Solid Propellants 129
Huimin Tan. Yingquan Duo, and Futai Chen Beijing Institute of Technology,
Beijing. People’s Republic of China
Nomenclature ............................................. 129
Introduction .............................................. 130
Molecular Structure Tailoring for Prepolymers in NEPE
Propellant Binder ........................................ 130
...........
Molecular Structure Tailoring of Binders in TPE Propellants 134
Hard-Segment Domain Structure Selection ........................ 134
Chemical Structure Selection of Soft Segments ..................... 135
Microphase Separation Estimation .............................. 137
TPEPropellant ............................................ 139
Conclusions .............................................. 139
References ............................................... 140
......
Chapter 1.6 Effects of Microstructure on Explosive Behavior 141
Philip M . Howe LQS Alamos National Laboratory. LQs Alamos. New Mexico
Introduction .............................................. 141
Shock Sensitivity and Microstructural Effects ...................... 142
Nature of Hot Spots ........................................ 142