Solaris 10 System Administration Essentials

448 Pages·2009·3.814 MB·English

by  Engineers, Solaris System(Creator)

Solaris™ 10 System
Administration Essentials
This page intentionally left blank
Solaris 10 System
™
Administration Essentials
Solaris System Engineers
Sun Microsystems Press
Upper Saddle River, NJ • Boston • Indianapolis • San Francisco
New York • Toronto • Montreal • London • Munich • Paris • Madrid
Capetown • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as
trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim,
the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals.
The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied
warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental
or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained
herein.
Sun Microsystems, Inc., has intellectual property rights relating to implementations of the technology
described in this publication. In particular, and without limitation, these intellectual property rights may
include one or more U.S. patents, foreign patents, or pending applications. Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun
logo, J2ME, J2EE, Solaris, Java, Javadoc, Java Card, NetBeans, and all Sun and Java based trademarks and
logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc., in the United States and other
countries. UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, exclusively licensed
through X/Open Company, Ltd.
THIS PUBLICATION IS PROVIDED “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT. THIS PUBLICATION COULD
INCLUDE TECHNICAL INACCURACIES OR TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS. CHANGES ARE PERIODICALLY
ADDED TO THE INFORMATION HEREIN; THESE CHANGES WILL BE INCORPORATED IN NEW EDI-
TIONS OF THE PUBLICATION. SUN MICROSYSTEMS, INC., MAY MAKE IMPROVEMENTS AND/OR
CHANGES IN THE PRODUCT(S) AND/OR THE PROGRAM(S) DESCRIBED IN THIS PUBLICATION AT
ANY TIME.
The publisher offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special
sales, which may include electronic versions and/or custom covers and content particular to your business,
training goals, marketing focus, and branding interests. For more information, please contact:
U.S. Corporate and Government Sales
[phone]
[email protected]
For sales outside the United States please contact:
International Sales, [email protected]
Visit us on the Web: informit.com/ph
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Solaris 10 system administration essentials / Solaris system engineers.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-13-700009-8 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Electronic data processing—Management. 2. Systems software. 3.
Solaris (Computer file) I. Sun Microsystems.
QA76.9.M3S65 2009
005.4’3—dc22
2009034498
Copyright © 2010 Sun Microsystems, Inc.
4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara, California 95054 U.S.A.
All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be
obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmis-
sion in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For informa-
tion regarding permissions, write to:
Pearson Education, Inc.
Rights and Contracts Department
501 Boylston Street, Suite 900
Boston, MA 02116
Fax: [phone]
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-700009-8
ISBN-10: 0-13-700009-X
Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at RR Donnelley in Crawfordsville, Indiana.
First printing, November 2009
Contents
Preface xvii
About the Authors xxi
Chapter 1 Installing the Solaris 10 Operating System 1
1.1 Methods to Meet Your Needs 1
1.2 The Basics of Solaris Installation 2
1.2.1 Installing Solaris on a SPARC System 6
1.2.2 Installing Solaris on an x86 System 9
1.3 Solaris JumpStart Installation 13
1.3.1 Setting up a JumpStart Server 13
1.3.2 Creating a Profile Server for Networked Systems 14
1.3.3 Performing a Custom JumpStart Installation 22
1.4 Upgrading a Solaris System 25
1.5 Solaris Live Upgrade 26
Chapter 2 Boot, Service Management, and Shutdown 33
2.1 Boot 33
2.1.1 The Bootloader 33
2.1.2 The Kernel 34
2.1.3 User-Mode Programs 34
2.1.4 GRUB Extensions 35
v
vi Contents
2.1.5 Modifying Boot Behavior 36
2.1.6 Run Levels 37
2.1.7 Troubleshooting 37
2.2 Service Management Facility 39
2.2.1 enabled 40
2.2.2 state,next_state, and state_time 40
2.2.3 logfile 41
2.2.4 dependency 41
2.2.5 How SMF Interacts with Service Implementations 42
2.2.6 The Service Configuration Facility 44
2.2.7 Health and Troubleshooting 44
2.2.8 Service Manifests 45
2.2.9 Backup and Restore of SCF Data 45
2.3 Shutdown 46
2.3.1 Application-Specific Shutdown 46
2.3.2 Application-Independent Shutdown 46
Chapter 3 Software Management: Packages 47
3.1 Managing Software Packages 47
3.2 What Is a Package? 47
3.2.1 SVR4 Package Content 48
3.2.2 Package Naming Conventions 49
3.3 Tools for Managing Software Packages 49
3.4 Installing or Removing a Software Package with the
pkgadd or pkgrm Command 50
3.5 Using Package Commands to Manage Software Packages 51
3.5.1 How to Install Packages with the pkgadd
Command 51
3.5.2 Adding Frequently Installed Packages to a Spool
Directory 54
3.5.3 Removing Software Packages 56
Chapter 4 Software Management: Patches 59
4.1 Managing Software with Patches 59
4.2 What Is a Patch? 59
4.2.1 Patch Content 60
4.2.2 Patch Numbering 61
Contents vii
4.3 Patch Management Best Practices 61
4.3.1 Proactive Patch Management Strategy 62
4.3.2 Reactive Patch Management Strategy 68
4.3.3 Security Patch Management Strategy 70
4.3.4 Proactive Patching When Installing a New System 71
4.3.5 Identifying Patches for Proactive Patching and
Accessing Patches 73
4.4 Example of Using Solaris Live Upgrade to
Install Patches 75
4.4.1 Overview of Patching with Solaris Live Upgrade 75
4.4.2 Planning for Using Solaris Live Upgrade 77
4.4.3 How to Apply a Patch When Using Solaris Live
Upgrade for the Solaris 10 8/07 Release 79
4.5 Patch Automation Tools 86
4.6 Overview of Patch Types 88
4.7 Patch README Special Instructions 93
4.7.1 When to Patch in Single-User Mode 93
4.7.2 When to Reboot After Applying or Removing a Patch 94
4.7.3 Patch Metadata for Non-Global Zones 95
4.8 Patch Dependencies (Interrelationships) 96
4.8.1 SUNW_REQUIRES Field for Patch Dependencies 96
4.8.2 SUNW_OBSOLETES Field for Patch Accumulation
and Obsolescence 97
4.8.3 SUNW_INCOMPAT Field for Incompatibility 97
Chapter 5 Solaris File Systems 99
5.1 Solaris File System Overview 99
5.1.1 Mounting File Systems 100
5.1.2 Unmounting File Systems 102
5.1.3 Using the /etc/vfstab File 103
5.1.4 Determining a File System Type 104
5.1.5 Monitoring File Systems 105
5.2 UFS File Systems 105
5.2.1 Creating a UFS File System 106
5.2.2 Backing Up and Restoring UFS File Systems 107
5.2.3 Using Quotas to Manage Disk Space 108
5.2.4 Checking File System Integrity 110
viii Contents
5.2.5 Using Access Control Lists 112
5.2.6 Using UFS Logging 113
5.2.7 Using Extended File Attributes 115
5.2.8 Using Multiterabyte UFS File Systems 115
5.2.9 Creating UFS Snapshots 115
5.3 ZFS File System Administration 117
5.3.1 Using Pools and File Systems 118
5.3.2 Backing Up a ZFS File System 120
5.3.3 Using Mirroring and Striping 121
5.3.4 Using RAID-Z 122
5.3.5 Using Copy-on-Write and Snapshots 122
5.3.6 Using File Compression 124
5.3.7 Measuring Performance 124
5.3.8 Expanding a Pool 125
5.3.9 Checking a Pool 126
5.3.10 Replacing a Disk 127
5.4 NFS File System Administration 127
5.4.1 Finding Available NFS File Systems 128
5.4.2 Mounting an NFS File System 129
5.4.3 Unmounting an NFS File System 129
5.4.4 Configuring Automatic File System Sharing 130
5.4.5 Automounting File Systems 130
5.5 Removable Media 133
5.5.1 Using the PCFS File System 135
5.5.2 Using the HSFS File System 136
5.6 Pseudo File System Administration 136
5.6.1 Using Swap Space 136
5.6.2 Using the TMPFS File System 138
5.6.3 Using the Loopback File System 139
Chapter 6 Managing System Processes 141
6.1 Overview 141
6.1.1 State of a Process 143
6.1.2 Process Context 143
6.2 Monitoring the Processes 145
6.2.1 Process Status: ps 146
Contents ix
6.2.2 Grepping for Process: pgrep 149
6.2.3 Process Statistics Summary: prstat 149
6.2.4 Reap a Zombie Process: preap 151
6.2.5 Temporarily Stop a Process: pstop 152
6.2.6 Resuming a Suspended Process: prun 152
6.2.7 Wait for Process Completion: pwait 152
6.2.8 Process Working Directory: pwdx 152
6.2.9 Process Arguments: pargs 152
6.2.10 Process File Table: pfiles 153
6.2.11 Process Libraries: pldd 154
6.2.12 Process Tree: ptree 154
6.2.13 Process Stack: pstack 155
6.2.14 Tracing Process: truss 156
6.3 Controlling the Processes 158
6.3.1 The nice and renice Commands 158
6.3.2 Signals 159
6.4 Process Manager 164
6.5 Scheduling Processes 170
6.5.1 cron Utility 171
6.5.2 The at Command 175
Chapter 7 Fault Management 179
7.1 Overview 179
7.2 Fault Notification 181
7.3 Displaying Faults 182
7.4 Repairing Faults 184
7.5 Managing Fault Management Log Files 184
7.5.1 Automatic Log Rotation 185
7.5.2 Manual Log Rotation 186
7.5.3 Log Rotation Failures 187
7.5.4 Examining Historical Log Files 188
7.6 Managing fmd and fmd Modules 188
7.6.1 Loading and Unloading Modules 189
7.6.2 fmd Statistics 191
7.6.3 Configuration Files 192