Solar journey: The significance of our galactic environment for the heliosphere and earth

430 Pages·2006·12.069 MB·English

by  Priscilla C. Frisch (auth.), Priscilla C. Frisch (eds.)

A
S ASTROPHYSICS AND
S
L SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY
SOLAR JOURNEY:
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF OUR
GALACTIC ENVIRONMENT FOR
THE HELIOSPHERE AND EARTH
PRISCILLA C. FRISCH
Editor
SOLAR JOURNEY: THESIGNIFICAAANCE OF OUR GALACTICENVIRONMENT
FOR THE HELIOSPHERE AAAND EARTH
ASTROPHYSICS AND
SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY
VOLUME 338
EDITORIALBOARD
CCChairman
W.B. BURTON,National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VVVirginia, U.S.A.
([email protected]); University of Leiden, The Netherlands([email protected])
EEExecutiveCCCommittee
J.M.E. KUIJPERS,UniversitttyooffNiijmeegen, The Netherlanddds
E.P.J. VAN DEN HEUVEL, University of Amsterrrdddam, The Netherlanddds
H. VAN DER LAAN,University of Utrecht, The Netherlanddds
MEMBERS
F. BERTOLA, University of Padua, Italy
J.P. CASSINELLI,UUUniversity of Wisconsin, Madison, U.S.A.
C.J. CESARSKY,European Southern Obseratory, Garching bei München, Germany
PPP.EHRENFREUND,Leiden University, The Netherlands
O. ENGVOLD,UniversitttyooffOslo, Norwaay
A. HECK,Strasbourrgg AstronomicallObservatorryyy, France
V.M. KKKASPI,MMMcGill Universitttyyy, Montreal, Canada
P.GGG. MURDIN,Institute ooffAstronommyyy, Cambridddge, U.K.
F. PPPACINI,Istituto Astronomia Arcetri, Firenze, Italy
V. RRRADHAKRISHNAAAN,Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, Indddia
B.V.SOMOV,Astronomical Institute, Moscow State Universitttyyy, Russia
R.A. SUNYYYAEV,SSSpace Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
SOLAR JOURNEY:
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF
OUR GALACTIC ENVIRONMENT
FOR THE HELIOSPHERE
AND EARTH
EEEddditeddby
PRISCILLAC. FRISCH
UUUniversity of Chicago, IL, U.S.A.
AC.I.P. Catalogue recorddfor this bookis availaable from the Library of Congress.
ISBN-10 1-4020-4397-X (HB)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4397-0 (HB)
ISBN-10 1-4020-4557-3(e-book)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4557-8(e-book)
Puublishedby Springer,
PPP.O. Box 17, 3300 AADordrecht, The Netherlands.
www.springer.com
Printeddon aciddd--fffree paper
All Rights Reserved
© 2006 Springer
No part of this work maybe reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in anyform or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording
or otherwise, without writtenpermission from the Publisher, with the exception
of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered
and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Dedicatedtothememoryof
ProfessorJohnAlexander
Simpson,whose
contributionstoscience,and
dedicationtothepeaceful
useofthatscience,were
longstandingand
far-reaching.
Contents
Dedication v
ListofFigures xi
ListofTables xv
ContributingAuthors xvii
Preface xxi
Foreword xxiii
Acknowledgements xxv
1
Introduction: PaleoheliosphereversusPaleoLISM 1
PriscillaC.Frisch
1.1. TheUnderlyingQuery 1
1.2. AddressingtheQuery: TheHeliosphereandParticle
PopulationsforDifferentInterstellarEnvironments 3
1.3. ClosingComments 14
References 18
2
HeliosphericVariationinResponsetoChangingInterstellarEnvironments 23
GaryP.Zank,Hans-R.Mu¨ller,VladimirFlorinskiandPriscillaC.Frisch
2.1. Introduction 24
2.2. BasicPhysicsoftheMulti-fluidModel 28
2.3. PossibleInterstellarEnvironments 33
2.4. PossibleHeliosphericConfigurations 36
2.5. Conclusions 46
References 47
vii
viii Contents
3
TheInfluenceoftheInterstellarMagneticField 53
ontheHeliosphericInterface
NikolaiV.PogorelovandGaryP.Zank
3.1. SW–LISMInteractionProblem 57
3.2. SuperfastSW–LISMInteraction 60
3.3. SubfastSW–LISMInteraction 76
3.4. Discussion 77
References 80
4
InterstellarConditionsandPlanetaryMagnetospheres 87
EugeneN.Parker
4.1. Introduction 87
4.2. FutureInterstellerVariations 89
4.3. MagnetosphericActivity 90
4.4. MagneticActivityatUranusandNeptune 94
References 97
5
Long-termVariationsintheGalacticEnvironmentoftheSun 99
NirJ.Shaviv
5.1. Introduction 99
5.2. CharacterizingthePhysicalEnvironment 100
5.3. VariationsintheGalacticEnvironment 104
5.4. RecordsofLongTermVariations 110
5.5. CraterRecord 121
5.6. Summary 123
References 125
6
Short-termVariationsintheGalacticEnvironmentoftheSun 133
PriscillaC.FrischandJonathanD.Slavin
6.1. Overview 134
6.2. SolarJourneythroughSpace: ThePast104 to106 Years 145
6.3. NeighborhoodISM:ClusterofLocalInterstellarClouds 150
6.4. RadiativeTransferModelsofLocalPartiallyIonizedGas 164
6.5. PassagesthroughNearbyClouds 170
6.6. TheSolarEnvironmentandGlobalISM 175
Contents ix
6.7. Summary 182
References 184
7
VariationsoftheInterstellarDustDistributionintheHeliosphere 195
MarkusLandgraf
7.1. TheContemporaryInterstellarDustEnvironment
oftheHeliosphere 198
7.2. ConsequencesofaChangingInterstellarEnvironment 203
References 204
8
EffectsintheInnerHeliosphereCausedbyChangingConditions 209
intheGalacticEnvironment
EberhardMöbius,MaciekBzowski,Hans-ReinhardMüllerandPeterWurz
8.1. Introduction 210
8.2. ObservationsandModelingofNeutralsintheContemporary
Heliosphere 214
8.3. Interstellar Neutral Gas and its Secondary Products under
VaryingInterstellarConditions 233
References 250
9
VariableTerrestrialParticleEnvironmentsDuringtheGalacticOrbit 259
oftheSun
HansJ.Fahr,HorstFichtner,KlausSchererandOlafStawicki
9.1. IntroductoryRemarksonCosmicRaysandClimate 260
9.2. TheHeliosphereinDifferentInterstellarEnvironments 261
9.3. CosmicRaySpectra 265
9.4. ConsequencesofVariableParticleEnvironments 272
References 276
10
TheGalacticCosmicRayIntensityintheHeliosphereinResponse 281
toVariableInterstellarEnvironments
VladimirFlorinskiandGaryP.Zank
10.1. Introduction 282
10.2. TransportPropertiesoftheHeliosphericInterface 286
10.3. CosmicRayTransportModel 291
x Contents
10.4. CosmicRayModulationintheGlobalHeliosphere:
LocalCloudEnvironment 296
10.5. InterfaceVariabilityDrivenbyInterstellarEnvironment
Changes: CosmicRayResponse 299
10.6. CosmogenicIsotopeResponse 306
10.7. Conclusion 308
References 309
11
AccretionofInterstellarMaterialintotheHeliosphereandontoEarth 317
AraratYeghikyanandHansFahr
11.1. HowdoesanInterstellarCloudTouchtheSolarSystem
andtheEarth? 322
11.2. ChangeoftheIonizationDegreeandChemicalState
intheCircumsolarFlow 328
11.3. ModeloftheNeutralGasFlow 329
11.4. AmountofNeutralGas,AccretedbytheEarth 334
11.5. AtmosphericEffects 335
11.6. OzoneConcentrationintheMesosphere 338
11.7. ResultsandDiscussion 339
11.8. Summary 342
References 343
12
VariationsofGalacticCosmicRaysandtheEarth’sClimate 349
JasperKirkbyandKennethS.Carslaw
12.1. Introduction 350
12.2. SolarIrradiance 351
12.3. GalacticCosmicRays 355
12.4. Solar/GCR-climateVariability 360
12.5. GCR-cloud-climateMechanisms 375
12.6. ConclusionsandFutureProspects 388
References 390
Index 399