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Solar house : a guide for the solar designer PDF

240 Pages·2004·5.495 MB·English
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Solar House: A Guide for the Solar Designer This page intentionally left blank Solar House: A Guide for the Solar Designer Terry Galloway AMSTERDAM •BOSTON •HEIDELBERG •LONDON •NEW YORK • OXFORD •PARIS • SAN DIEGO •SAN FRANCISCO •SINGAPORE • SYDNEY •TOKYO Architectural Press is an imprint of Elsevier Architectural Press Architectural Press An Imprint of Elsevier Limited Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 200 Wheeler Road, Burlington, MA 01803 First published 2004 ©Dr Terry R Galloway 2004 The right of Dr Terry R Galloway to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science and Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: ((cid:2)44) (0) 1865 843830; fax: ((cid:2)44) (0) 1865 853333; e-mail: permissions@ elsevier. co.uk. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’ All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1T 4LP. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0 7506 58312 For information on all Architectural Press publications visit our website at www.architecturalpress.com Typeset by Charon Tec Pvt. Ltd. Printed and bound in Great Britain Contents Foreword ix Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv List of figures xvi List of tables xviii Disclaimer xix Dedication xxi 1 Goal of this guide 01 1.1 Users of this guide book 01 1.2 Solar is a critical part of the global 02 renewables mix 1.3 Energy futures 05 1.4 Environmental philosophy 06 1.5 New construction or rehab 07 1.6 Examples of the design process 09 1.7 Business philosophy 12 2 Site location 15 2.1 Solar insolation 15 2.2 Weather and microclimates 17 2.3 Heating/cooling needs 19 2.4 PV power production 31 3 Thermal mass – heated by solar and by 35 ground-coupled 3.1 Amount and distribution of thermal mass 35 3.2 Thermal energy storage 36 3.3 Re-radiation and release of heat at night 39 or in cloudy weather 3.4 Thermal mass – heated/cooled by 40 ground-coupling 3.5 Passive solar home – putting together the 43 solar effects 4 Attached greenhouse passive heating 47 4.1 Split greenhouse design 47 4.2 Fixed section – the solarium 48 vi Contents 4.3 Controlled vent section – the 51 solar greenhouse 4.4 Vegetables 53 4.5 Starting early seed plants 56 5 Domestic hot water 61 5.1 House DHW usage patterns 61 5.2 DHW tank storage capacity 62 5.3 Plumbing configuration 65 5.4 Insulation 67 5.5 Temperature monitoring locations 69 5.6 Controls 70 6 Combined DHW and swimming pool heating 75 6.1 Synergistic relationship 75 6.2 Collector capacity 76 6.3 Swimming season and pool temperature 79 6.4 Smart controls 80 6.5 Solar PVs to supply power to swimming pool 81 pump and chlorinator 7 Space heating 85 7.1 Seasonal heat demand 85 7.2 Solar thermal collector heat utilization 86 in winter 7.3 Design of building envelope 88 7.4 Radiant floors 89 7.5 Living comfort 93 7.6 Geothermal heat pump and location 93 of underground coils 7.7 Thermal zone controls 97 7.8 Wood fireplace backup heat 106 7.9 Ceiling fans in wall upflow 108 7.10 Ambiance 108 8 Space cooling 113 8.1 Cooling radiant floors is not recommended 113 8.2 Nocturnal cooling strategy 113 8.3 PV-powered attic fan is only a part-solution 117 8.4 Ceiling fans in wall downflow 117 8.5 Geothermal heat pump cooling of room air 118 8.6 Thermal transient/capacity of ground coils 119 8.7 Thermal zone controls 120 9 PV electric power 125 9.1 Grid-connected, net-metering, and 125 Time-Of-Use pricing Contents vii 9.2 Stand-alone systems and energy storage 130 options 9.3 Sizing PV for house loads 133 9.4 Load shifting options 135 9.5 PV collectors with integral hot water 136 heating (PV/T) 9.6 Present research leading to cheaper/high 142 efficiency future PV collectors 10 Annual energy use 145 10.1 Berkeley house 145 10.2 Comparison of EU and US 146 11 Maintenance saves money 149 11.1 Preventative maintenance schedule 149 11.2 Stable major suppliers 150 11.3 Experience record 151 12 Payback economics 155 12.1 State and Federal incentives 155 12.2 Tax benefits 156 12.3 Payback analysis 156 13 Thermal performance monitoring and control 161 13.1 Real-time data display 161 13.2 Archiving data 162 13.3 Analyzing data trends 163 13.4 Scheduling 165 13.5 Adaptive controls 168 13.6 Optimization 169 13.7 Interface with other automated control 170 functions 14 Solar energy future op tions 175 14.1 Future developments 175 14.2 Role of renewables in the global 182 energy future 14.3 Wind/solar hybrid synergies 183 14.4 Vehicles powered by electrolytic hydrogen 184 14.5 Fuel cells for electricity and heat 186 References and Further reading 189 List of useful websites 193 Abbreviations 197 Glossary 199 Appendix 202 Index 209 This page intentionally left blank Foreword Octobers in the San Francisco Bay Area are always warm; and in late October, for at least a few days, the winds usually reverse direction and blow westerly, bringing even warmer air to the coastal areas from California’s famous Central Valley. There is even a name for these winds: the Santa Anas. People around here inexplicably call this ‘earthquake weather’, but it really is fire weather. The morning of 21 October 1991, I remember noticing the balmy breeze coming from the ‘wrong’ direction as I left my home in the Oakland hills and drove to work. Little did I know that the East Bay landscape, along with thousands of people’s lives, was about to undergo a sudden and dramatic change. I didn’t know Terry Galloway at that time. But within two days I knew the name of the street he lived on – Charing Cross. Most of the fatalities from what became known as the Oakland Firestorm occurred within one block of Terry’s house, on the 14(cid:3) wide, winding, steep stretch of pavement that the City of Oakland had refused to widen and which had vexed Terry and his neighbors for years. But that’s another story... It may be that if there had not been an Oakland Hills Firestorm, Terry Galloway would never have walked into my office. But I like to think that the life path we had each staked out for ourselves made our meeting inevitable. Terry had dedicated his professional life years earlier to renewable energy research and development, and had been a pioneer in promoting hydrogen fuel cells, calling for the use of medical or feedlot waste rather than petroleum to create the hydrogen. Terry had also extensively researched solar energy systems and was a strong advocate. As for me, since graduating in Mechanical Engineering from UC Berkeley in 1974, I had dedicated my life to promoting solar energy as the primary long-term energy source for the planet. So when Terry showed up at Sun Light & Power a month after the fire, I immediately knewthat I had met a kindred spirit. Terry asked me to help him designand build a complete solar home, with both passive and active solar design elements. From day one Terry knew what he wanted to do with his new home, and he never wavered from his vision: he wanted his home to be a ‘living laboratory’. He wanted to be able to live inside his own grand experiment in solar living. So great was his dedication that he actually lived for his first

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