Solar Energy Conversion II. Selected Lectures from the 1980 International Symposium on Solar Energy Utilization, London, Ontario, Canada August 10–24, 1980 PDF
Preview Solar Energy Conversion II. Selected Lectures from the 1980 International Symposium on Solar Energy Utilization, London, Ontario, Canada August 10–24, 1980
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JANZEN Photochemical Research Associates, London, Ontario and R.K.SWARTMAN Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario PERGAMON PRESS TORONTO · OXFORD · NEW YORK · SYDNEY · PARIS · FRANKFURT Pergamon Press Offices Canada Pergamon Press Canada Ltd., Suite 104, 150 Consumers Road, Willowdale, Ontario, Canada M2J 1P9 United Kingdom Pergamon Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall, Oxford, OX3 OBW, England U.S.A. Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, New York 10523, U.S.A. Australia Pergamon Press (Aust.) Pty. Ltd., P.O. Box 544, Potts Point, N.S.W. 2011, Australia France Pergamon Press SARL, 24 rue des Ecoles, 75240 Paris, Cedex 05, France Federal Republic of Germany Pergamon Press GmbH, Hammerweg 6, 6242 Kronberg- Taunus, Federal Republic of Germany Copyright © 1981 Pergamon Press Canada Ltd. Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: Solar energy conversion II Selected lectures from the 1980 International Symposium on Solar Energy Utilization held in London, Ontario, August 10-24,1980. Includes index. ISBN 0-08-025388-1 I. Solar energy — Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Janzen, Abram Frederick, 1947 - II. Swartman, R.K. III. International Symposium on Solar Energy Utilization (1980: London, Ont.) TJ810.S64 621.47 C81-094626-2 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission in writing from the copyright holders. In order to make this volume available as economically and as rapidly as possible, the authors' typescripts have been reproduced in their original forms. This method has its typographical limitations but it is hoped that they in no way distract the reader. FREQUENTLY USED CONVERSION CONSTANTS 1 Langley = 1 calorie cm" = 3.69 Btu ft"2 = 0.0116 kWhm"9 -2 = 0.023885 kJm lWm" 0.317 Btu h"V2 -1 -2 860 calories h m 1 KWh 3.6 x .O6 J = 3.4 x IO3 Btu 1 calorie cm 0.0116 kWhm 1 Horsepower = 550 ft-lbs s" -1 = 42.4356 Btu min 1 Joule = 0.239006 calories = 9.48452 x IO"4 Btu = 2.7778 x IO*7 kWh = 6.2422 x IO18 electron Volts 1 gJ = 9.48 x lO^Btu 1 m2 = 10.764 ft2 Solar Constant = 1.939 calorie = 1353 Wm'2 = 428.9 Btu ft"2h'1 = 4871 kJrrfV1 IX Units of ? Insulation = R, h°F ft Btu Total Solar Radi ation Incident ^Λ Λ on Earth = 5.4 x 10 Joules yr~ Heat Capacity -, -. of Water = 1.0043 calories-gm -°C , at 4°C = 4.2048 Joules-gm"1·0^1 Heat Capacity , 1 of Air = 0.2399 cal-gm -°C = 1.0047 Joules-gm"1-°C"1 1 Metric Tonne , n of Coal = 2.93 x 10,u Joules 1 Barrel of q Petroleum = 6.0 x 10 Joules 1 Standard Cubic fi Foot of Gas = 1.05 x 10 Joules 3 1 Standard m fi of Gas = 37.05 x 10b Joules 1 Cord of Wood = 2.06 x 1010 Joules x PREFACE The 1980 International Symposium on Solar Energy Utilization was the seventh of a series of conferences on solar energy, desianed as introductory courses for profes sional people seekino information in this area. The series has had a very inter national flavor, beginnino in 1974 in Naples, Italy, and held there the following year. In 1976 it moved to Alohero, Sardinia, and in 1977 was held in Trieste under the auspices of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics. In 1978 the Fifth Course on Solar Energy was held at the University of Waterloo in Canada, and resulted in the publication of Solar Energy Conversion: an Introductory Course, by Pergamon Press. In 1979, the First Symposium on Non-Conventional Energy continued the series, aaain at Trieste. In 1980, the venue moved again to North America and the University of Western Ontario in London, Canada. The constant presence of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste has been significant in this series. The financial contribution as well as the inter national contacts it offers have been immensely valuable. Of great importance to the 1980 Symposium was the assistance offered by other sponsoring agencies. The Symposium program was designed to build on previous courses, particularly the Fifth Solar Energy Course at the University of Waterloo. It was assumed that the participants had a fundamental knowledge of the various aspects of solar energy utilization, although there was a review of the fundamentals to ensure everyone had a common understanding. There was considerable emphasis on the implications of the broader issues of solar energy utilization - on lifestyles, on influencing govern ments, on education and commercialization, and so on. The Symposium dealt as much with the social issues as with the how-to technology. Without the loyal and continuing support of our efficient staff, the Symposium would not have been possible. Anita Sherin provided the continuing leadership, and was assisted by Jane Anderson, Lynn Burgess, Leslie Williams, George Anderson and Dih Jing Chen. John Ayres and Nick Saidi were immensely helpful in the audio-visual sup port and in organizing the hands-on workshops. The largest contribution to the Symposium came from the participants themselves in the form of lectures, poster sessions, and workshops. The organizing committee could provide only the forum where curious and creative people could work. It was tremendously gratifying to witness the creative process in action, with an inter national group sharing its ideas for the solar future. We feel that the Symposium was very successful in its purpose of disseminating information on the utilization of solar energy and on the difficulties we all face in its implementation. We are very grateful for the dedicated service of all the contributors. London, Ontario A.F. Janzen May, 1981 R.K. Swartman XI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We gratefully acknowledge the assistance to the Symposium from the following agencies: Bronfman Foundation Canadian International Development Agency Energy Mines and Resources Canada International Centre for Theoretical Physics International Development Research Centre National Research Council of Canada Ontario Ministry of Energy Ontario Ministry of Industry and Tourism The Canadian Commission for UNESCO The Commonwealth Foundation The University of Western Ontario Xll INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE N.A. Mancini, Italy J. Page, England A. Salam, Italy A.A.M. Sayigh, Saudi Arabia B.O. Seraphin, U.S.A. NATIONAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Chai rman R.K. Swartman Vice Chairman A.F. Janzen A. Bowen A.E. Dixon D. MacKenzie J. Stark Symposium Manager A. Sherin Staff Members J. Anderson L. Burgess L. Williams Workshop Organizers J. Ay res H. Moses N. Saidi L. Swallow Xlll SPEAKERS M.N. Bahadori Shiraz University, Solar Energy Centre Shiraz, Iran Robert Bertram Ontario Research Foundation Sheridan Park Mississauga, Ontario, Canada E. Bilgen Genie mechanique, Ecole Polytechnique Montreal, Quebec, Canada James R. Bol ton Department of Chemistry University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada Arthur Bowen School of Engineering and Architecture University of Miami Coral Gables, Florida, U.S.A. Gordon Bragg Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Eugene Carter Kenneth E. Johnson Environmental and Energy Centre University of Alabama Huntsville, Alabama, U.S.A. Ray Chan 38 Gretna Green London, Ontario, Canada M. Chandrashekar University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Ted Dixon Department of Physics University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario, Canada John Duffie Solar Energy Laboratory University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. Bill Fauconnier Confederation College Box 398, Postal Station F Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada Terry Hollands Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Frank Hooper Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada A. Fred Janzen Photochemical Research Associates 45 Meg Drive London, Ontario, Canada xiv Jake Klassen Chief Energy Secretariat Public Works Canada Riverside Drive Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Frank Kreith Solar Energy Research Institute 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado, U.S.A. Tom Lawand Brace Research Institute MacDonald College of McGill University Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada Steven Lien Solar Energy Research Institute Golden, Colorado U.S.A. Deborah Lyons Energy, Mines and Resources 580 Booth Street Ottawa, Ontario, Canada John Page Department of Building Science University of Sheffield Sheffield, England Barry Paton Department of Physics Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Allan Quackenbush Confederation College Box 398, Postal Station F Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada Ernie Robertson Biomass Institute 870 Cambridge Street Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Diane Saxe Ministry of Energy 56 Wellesley Street West Toronto, Ontario, Canada Ali Sayigh College of Engineering Box 800 Riyadh Saudi Arabia Ted Schrecker NDP Research Office Parliament Buildings Government of Ontario Toronto, Ontario, Canada Bernie Seraphin Optical Sciences Centre University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A. Bob Swartman Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada xv
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