Solar Energetic Particles: A Modern Primer on Understanding Sources, Acceleration and Propagation PDF
Preview Solar Energetic Particles: A Modern Primer on Understanding Sources, Acceleration and Propagation
Lecture Notes in Physics 932 Donald V. Reames Solar Energetic Particles A Modern Primer on Understanding Sources, Acceleration and Propagation Lecture Notes in Physics Volume 932 FoundingEditors W.Beiglbo¨ck J.Ehlers K.Hepp H.Weidenmüller EditorialBoard M.Bartelmann,Heidelberg,Germany B.-G.Englert,Singapore,Singapore P.Ha¨nggi,Augsburg,Germany M.Hjorth-Jensen,Oslo,Norway R.A.L.Jones,Sheffield,UK M.Lewenstein,Barcelona,Spain H.vonLo¨hneysen,Karlsruhe,Germany J.-M.Raimond,Paris,France A.Rubio,Hamburg,Germany M.Salmhofer,Heidelberg,Germany W.Schleich,Ulm,Germany S.Theisen,Potsdam,Germany D.Vollhardt,Augsburg,Germany J.D.Wells,AnnArbor,USA G.P.Zank,Huntsville,USA The Lecture Notes in Physics TheseriesLectureNotesinPhysics(LNP),foundedin1969,reportsnewdevelop- ments in physics research and teaching-quickly and informally, but with a high qualityandtheexplicitaimtosummarizeandcommunicatecurrentknowledgein anaccessibleway.Bookspublishedinthisseriesareconceivedasbridgingmaterial between advanced graduate textbooks and the forefront of research and to serve threepurposes: (cid:129) to be a compact and modern up-to-date source of reference on a well-defined topic (cid:129) to serve as an accessible introduction to the field to postgraduate students and nonspecialistresearchersfromrelatedareas (cid:129) to be a source of advanced teaching material for specialized seminars, courses andschools Bothmonographsandmulti-authorvolumeswillbeconsideredforpublication. Editedvolumesshould,however,consistofaverylimitednumberofcontributions only.ProceedingswillnotbeconsideredforLNP. Volumes published in LNP are disseminated both in print and in electronic formats,theelectronicarchivebeingavailableatspringerlink.com.Theseriescontent isindexed,abstractedandreferencedbymanyabstractingandinformationservices, bibliographicnetworks,subscriptionagencies,librarynetworks,andconsortia. Proposals should be sent toa member ofthe Editorial Board,ordirectly to the managingeditoratSpringer: ChristianCaron SpringerHeidelberg PhysicsEditorialDepartmentI Tiergartenstrasse17 69121Heidelberg/Germany [email protected] Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/5304 Donald V. Reames Solar Energetic Particles A Modern Primer on Understanding Sources, Acceleration and Propagation DonaldV.Reames InstituteforPhysicalScienceandTechnology UniversityofMaryland CollegePark,MD USA ISSN0075-8450 ISSN1616-6361 (electronic) LectureNotesinPhysics ISBN978-3-319-50870-2 ISBN978-3-319-50871-9 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-50871-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017935369 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinor for anyerrors oromissionsthat may havebeenmade. Thepublisher remainsneutralwith regardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface It is common for scientific texts to be organized in logical rather than historical order.Unfortunately,perhaps,naturedoesnotalwaysproceedinthatfashion.Inan activelyevolvingfield,newideasandobservationsbuildslowly,stepbystep,often reversing course, and a student should be prepared for this. Therefore, I have included much of the backing and filling and the individual observations which haveledtoourpresentunderstanding. Inreadingthisbook,itisimportanttokeepinmindthatarealisticunderstanding mustincorporatedifferentkindsofobservations.Nosingleinquirywillsuffice.Like reading a murder mystery, it is normal to speculate along the way, but we must eventuallyconsideralltheevidence,whichisnotavailableearlyinthestory.There aremanypiecesofevidence,ofmanydifferentkinds,inthismystery.Thereisnow a wealth of evidence on abundances of chemical elements and isotopes and their ionizationstatesandmuchonelectrons;thereisonsettiming,radioevidence,and thestreaminglimit;thereareinjectionprofiles,intensitydropouts,energyspectral shapes,spectralknees,andparticlereservoirs,inadditiontothesolarassociations. All of these help us find the origin, acceleration, distribution, and transport of the solarenergeticparticles(affectionatelySEPs).Thishasbecomearichfield.Unlike the murder mystery, however, our hard-won understanding also raises new ques- tionsforfuturescientiststoaddress. The story of SEPs is actually covered in five chapters. Chapter 1 provides a background and an introduction to SEP properties. Chapters 2 and 3 present the history and much of the physical evidence for the separation of impulsive and gradual SEP events. Chapters4 and 5 consider properties of each of these classes individually. The later chapters provide supplementary information on high ener- giesandradiationhazardsofSEPs(Chap.6)andonSEPmeasurements(Chap.7) andaSummaryandConclusions(Chap.8). IhopestudentsofSEPswillenjoyreadingthisbookasmuchasIhaveenjoyed writingit. CollegePark,MD DonaldV.Reames v Acknowledgments First,Iwouldliketothankthosescientistswhohavecontributedtheireffortstothe progress of this field and those who have contributed the figures I have used to illustratetheirdiscoveries. Special thanks go to Louis Barbier, Daniel Berdichevshy, Ed Cliver, Steve Kahler, Mary Ann Linzmayer, Chee Ng, Ron Turner, and Gary Zank for reading and commenting on this manuscript and for helpful discussions leading to its preparation. I would especially like to thank Chee Ng for his assistance with the theoryofparticletransport,wavegrowth,andshockacceleration. vii About the Author Born and raised in Florida, Don Reames received his education, leading in 1964 to a PhD in Nuclear Physics, at the University of California at Berkeley. He then joined a group at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland using sounding rockets and balloons to study galactic cosmic rays and energetic particles from the Sun. He subsequently used data from experiments on the Gemini, IMP, ISEE, Helios, Voyager, Wind, and STEREO missions, as well as many related solar missions, to study those particles and their origins more extensively. He retired from NASA in 2003 to assume an Emeritus position but also soonjoinedtheInstituteforPhysicalScienceandTechnologyattheUniversityof Maryland in College Park to become a Senior Research Scientist. His honors include the2012GeorgeElleryHalePrizefromtheSolarPhysicsDivisionofthe American Astronomical Society for his work on the composition and transport of solar energetic particles. ix Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 TheStructureoftheSun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 TheSolarMagneticField. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 CoronalMassEjections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.4 InterplanetarySpace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.5 SolarEnergeticParticles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.5.1 TimeDuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.5.2 Abundances.. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 7 1.5.3 TheSolarCycle. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . 10 1.5.4 RelativisticKinematics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2 History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.1 TheFirstSEPs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.2 SolarRadioBurstsandElectrons. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 16 2.3 TheSpatialDistribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.3.1 DiffusionandtheBirdcageModel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.3.2 LargeScaleShockAccelerationandCMEs. . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.3.3 TheLongitudeDistribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.3.4 Scatter-FreeEvents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.3.5 Field-LineRandomWalk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.4 ElementAbundances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.4.1 FirstIonizationPotential(FIP)andA/Q. . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.4.2 3He-RichEvents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.4.3 TheSeedPopulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.5 IonizationStates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.6 ShockTheory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.7 Disappearing-FilamentEvents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.8 “TheSolarFlareMyth”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 xi xii Contents 2.9 WaveGenerationandtheStreamingLimit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.10 SEP–CMECorrelation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3 DistinguishingtheSources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.1 SEPOnsetTimes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.2 RealisticShock-SEPTimingandCorrelations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.3 InjectionProfiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.4 High-EnergySpectraandSpectralKnees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.5 IntensityDropoutsandCompactSources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.6 Abundances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.7 Electrons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.8 SEPsasProbes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4 ImpulsiveSEPEvents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.1 SelectingImpulsiveEvents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.2 SampleImpulsiveEvents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.3 EnergyDependence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.4 AbundancesforZ(cid:1)26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.5 Abundancesfor34(cid:1)Z(cid:1)82. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.6 Power-LawEnhancementsinA/Q:Source-Plasma Temperatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.7 Associations:CMEs,Flares,andJets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.8 CanWeHaveItBothWays?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.9 NuclearReactions:Gamma-RayLinesandNeutrons. . . . . . . . . 68 4.10 OpenQuestions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5 GradualSEPEvents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.1 ParallelTransport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.1.1 DiffusiveTransport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.1.2 WaveGrowth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5.1.3 ParticleTransport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.1.4 InitialAbundanceRatios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.1.5 TheStreamingLimit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.1.6 ElectronTransport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5.2 AngularDistributions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5.3 ModelsandShockAcceleration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5.4 ShockAccelerationInSitu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.5 AbundancesandFIP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.6 Source-PlasmaTemperatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.7 SpatialDistributionsandtheReservoir. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5.8 Non-thermalVariations:ImpulsiveVs.GradualSEPs. . . . . . . .. 95 5.9 OpenQuestions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Description:The list of books you might like
