Solar and Extra-Solar Planetary Systems: Lectures Held at the Astrophysics School XI Organized by the European Astrophysics Doctoral Network (EADN)in The Burren, Ballyvaughn, Ireland, 7–18 September 1998

270 Pages·2001·5.441 MB·English

by  Iwan P. Williams (auth.), Iwan P. Williams, Nicolas Thomas (eds.)

Lecture Notes in Physics
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I.P. Williams N. Thomas (Eds.)
Solar and Extra-Solar
Planetary Systems
Lectures Held at the Astrophysics School XI
Organized by the European Astrophysics
Doctoral Network (EADN) in The Burren,
Ballyvaughn, Ireland, 7-18 September 1998
1 3
Editors
IwanP.Williams
UniversityofLondon
AstronomyUnit,SchoolofMathematical
Sciences,QueenMarya.WestfieldCollege
MileEndRoad
E14NSLondon,UnitedKingdom
NicolasThomas
Max-Planck-Institutfu¨rAeronomie
Max-Planck-Straße2
37191Katlenburg-Lindau,Deutschland
CoverPicture:ThetruerelativesizesoftheplanetsandtheSun,takenfromThenewCosmos
-anIntroductiontoAstronomyandAstropyhsics,A.Unso¨ld/B.Baschek,
5thEdition2001,ISBN3-540-67877-8.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData.
DieDeutscheBibliothek-CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Solarandextrasolarplanetarysystems:lecturesheldattheAstrophysics
SchoolXI,inTheBurren,Ballyvaughn,Ireland,7-18September1998/I.P.
Williams;N.Thomas(ed.).OrganizedbytheEuropeanAstrophysics
DoctoralNetwork(EADN).-Berlin;Heidelberg;NewYork;Barcelona;Hong
Kong;London;Milan;Paris;Tokyo:Springer,2001
(Lecturenotesinphysics;Vol.577)
(Physicsandastronomyonlinelibrary)
ISBN3-540-42559-4
ISSN0075-8450
ISBN3-540-42559-4Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
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Preface
The11thpre-doctoralschooloftheEuropeanAstrophysicsDoctoralnetwork
(EADN) took place during 7 – 18 September in 1998. The Burren, Bally-
vaughn, Ireland, with the participation of eight lecturers and 17 students
from six countries.
The subject of the school “Solar and Extra-Solar Planetary Systems”was
selected in view of the recent discoveries of the first extra-solar planets and
the high level of activity in space exploration at the current time.
Following the tradition of the EADN summer schools, the subject matter of
thelectureswasboththeoreticalandobservational.Allstudentsgaveashort
presentation of their recently started research projects.
Thisvolumecontainsthelecturespresentedattheschoolbutnotthestudent
seminars.
Weacknowledgewithgratefulappreciationfinancialsupportfrom:theTrain-
ing and Mobility of Researchers programme of the European Union, the
GranholmFoundationofSweden,theEuropeanSpaceAgency,andtheMax-
Planck Institute fu¨r Aeronomie, Katlenburg-Lindau.
Special thanks are due to Eimhear Clifton and Hilary O’Donnell for all the
local arrangements and to Andrea Macke for generating the LaTeX version
of the book.
We also thank Tom Ray, secretary of the EADN, for his help in getting the
school started and acting as “local”host, and Carl Murray, for the design of
the poster.
Finally, we wish to thank the teachers for their excellent lectures, and staff
and students alike for braving the cold Atlantic weather (their only comfort
being the local pubs).
October 2001 Iwan Williams
Nicolas Thomas
Table of Contents
Introduction – Solar and Extra–Solar Planetary Sysems ...... 1
Iwan P. Williams
The Solar System: An Overview .............................. 3
Iwan P. Williams
Setting the Scene: A Star Formation Perspective ............. 12
Tom P. Ray
Extrasolar Planets:
A Review of Current Observations and Theory ............... 35
Richard P. Nelson
The Giant Planets ............................................ 54
Ther´ese Encrenaz
The Formation of Planets..................................... 76
Ther´ese Encrenaz
Dynamics of the Solar System ................................ 91
Carl D. Murray
Photometry of Resolved Planetary Surfaces .................. 153
Nicolas Thomas
Mercury – Goals for a Future Mission ........................ 164
Nicolas Thomas
Physical Processes Associated with Planetary Satellites....... 173
Nicolas Thomas
Light Scattering in the Martian Atmosphere:
Effects on Surface Photometry................................ 191
Nicolas Thomas
The Small Bodies of the Solar System ........................ 205
Iwan P. Williams, Alan Fitzsimmons
Dust in the Solar System and in Other Planetary Systems.... 218
Ingrid Mann
Meteors, Meteor Showers and Meteoroid Streams ............ 243
Iwan P. Williams
List of Contributors
T. Encrenaz R.P. Nelson
Observatoire de Paris Astronomy Unit
92195 Meudon, France Queen Mary
University of London
Mile End Road
London E1 4NS, UK
A. Fitzsimmons
Department of Pure
T.P. Ray
and Applied Physics
School of Cosmic Physics
Queens University
Dublin Institute for Advanced
Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland
Studies
5 Merrion Square
Dublin 2, Ireland
I. Mann
Max-Planck-Institut fu¨r Aeronomie
N. Thomas
Max-Planck-Str. 2
Max-Planck-Institut fu¨r Aeronomie
37189 Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
Max-Planck-Str. 2
37189 Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
C.D. Murray I.P. Williams
Astronomy Unit Astronomy Unit
Queen Mary Queen Mary
University of London University of London
Mile End Road Mile End Road
London E1 4NS, UK London E1 4NS, UK
Plates
Plate 1: A 3-colour composite image of HH30 based on data from HST ob-
servations. Note that the image has been rotated so that the blueshifted jet
is oriented upwards. Here blue light represents continuum emission, which in
this case is scattered starlight from the “top” and “bottom” of the disk. The
source itself is highly embedded and the disk can be seen in silhouette as the
dark lane bisecting the nebular cusps. Red light is [SII]λλ6716,6731 emission
and green represents Hα. Note the asymmetry in excitation conditions in
the flow and the counterflow. Image reconstruction done by C.R. O’Dell and
S.V.W. Beckwith.
Plate2:BothEnceladus(left)andMiranda(right)showbothheavilycrater-
edandrelativelysmoothregionsindicatingdifferentagesforthesurfaceunits
(photo: NASA).
Plate 3:Threefull-diskcolourviewsofJupiter’svolcanicmoonIoasseenby
NASA’s Galileo spacecraft are shown in enhanced colour to highlight details
of the surface. Note the absence of craters. Major changes between observa-
tions acquired by Voyagers 1 and 2 and those from Galileo were seen (photo:
NASA).
Plate 4: Images of the nuclei of comet Halley (left: acquired by the HMC
instrument on board ESA’s Giotto spacecraft) and comet Borrelly (right:
acquired by the MICAS instrument on board NASA’s Deep Space 1 space-
craft). The nuclei are shown to scale. Borrelly is clearly about half the size
of Halley. The arrows indicate the direction to the Sun for the two images.
Note that although Borrelly is quite active for a periodic comet, the activity
issoweakthatitisnoteasytosee.Theimagemustbeprocessedspecifically
to show jet structures. The dust emissions from Halley, on the other hand,
are as bright as the nucleus itself near their sources.
Plate 5:ThispictureofcometP/Wirtanen(thetargetcometoftheRosetta
mission) was obtained shortly after its recovery in 1996 when the comet was
2.526 AU from the Sun. Celestial north is up. The field of view in this small
frame is 70000 km2 and the resolution is around 1500 km. By comparison
with comets Halley and Borrelly, Wirtanen is a weakly active comet.
Plate 6:AnimageofcometC1999T1takenbyJavierLicandrowhichshows
the typical ground-based view of its coma and tail (courtesy of Luisa M.
Lara).
XII Plates
Plate 7:Thisfalse-colourimageshowstheMarsPathfinderlanderseenwith
the cameras of the Sojourner rover. The imager for Mars Pathfinder can be
seen sitting on its mast above the lander. The lander is surrounded by its
deflated airbags on which it bounced onto the surface.
Plate 8:ThispictureshowstheengineeringmodeloftheMarsPolarLander
(MPL) spacecraft. This model was used to train scientists and engineers on
how to use the lander and its robotic arm. It was sited in a sandbox at the
University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA).
Plate 9: One of the next major missions to a comet will be Rosetta, due
for launch in January 2003. The spacecraft carries a complement of 11 ex-
periments plus a lander with a surface science package. The main imaging
system is called OSIRIS and is shown here at the Max-Planck-Institut fuer
Aeronomie on a mock-up of the spacecraft just before delivery.
Plate 10: In this enhanced colour picture of Yogi and the rover, Sojourner,
at the Pathfinder landing site, notice how the right side of Yogi looks less
red than the rest of the rock. This effect was produced by the illumination
conditions,notbyaphysicalorchemicaldifferencebetweenthefaces(photo:
NASA).
Plates XIII
1