Soils, Ecosystem Processes, and Agricultural Development: Tropical Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa PDF
Preview Soils, Ecosystem Processes, and Agricultural Development: Tropical Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa
Shinya Funakawa Editor Soils, Ecosystem Processes, and Agricultural Development Tropical Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa Soils, Ecosystem Processes, and Agricultural Development Shinya Funakawa Editor Soils, Ecosystem Processes, and Agricultural Development Tropical Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa Editor ShinyaFunakawa GraduateSchoolofGlobalEnvironmentalStudies KyotoUniversity Kyoto,Japan ISBN978-4-431-56482-9 ISBN978-4-431-56484-3 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-4-431-56484-3 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017930415 ©SpringerJapanKK2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinor for anyerrors oromissionsthat may havebeenmade. Thepublisher remainsneutralwith regardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerJapanKK Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:ChiyodaFirstBldg.East,3-8-1Nishi-Kanda,Chiyoda-ku,Tokyo 101-0065,Japan Preface The negativeimpactsof agricultural development on ourenvironment are rapidly growing,yetweareincreasinglydependentontheagriculturalsectorforfoodand energy. The situation is similar in the tropics, where subsistence agriculture with low–input management has long comprised most agricultural systems. The main objectiveofthisbook,therefore,istointegrateenvironmentalknowledgeobserved inlocalagriculture,basedontheunderstandingofsoilscienceandecology,andto propose possible technical solutions and a more integrated approach to tropical agriculture. We first start with a rather classical pedological issue, i.e., an investigation of weathering processes of soil minerals under different geological and bioclimatic conditions,whichcouldberegardedasthecumulativeresultofbiologicalactivities and, in turn, may control natural biological processes. Traditional agricultural practices with different resource management strategies are then analyzed in termsoftheirmodificationofnaturalbiologicalprocesses.Thegoalofthissection is to compile and describe local knowledge accumulated in traditional agriculture underdifferentnaturalconstraintsforresourceutilization.Finally,wefocusonthe present situation of tropical agriculture, that is, resource utilization in modern agriculture after application of technical innovation (increased application of chemical fertilizers as well as agricultural chemicals). Here, possible technical approaches to resource management that reasonably support agricultural produc- tionwhilemitigatingenvironmentaldegradationarediscussed. Insummary,wewilldescribeandanalyzetheecologicalandtechnicalcounter- measuresavailableformitigatingenvironmentaldegradationduetotheincreasing agricultural activities by humans, based on our scientific understanding of tradi- tional agriculture in the tropics. This is an effective approach, as such ecological and technical tools previously involved in traditional activities are expected to be easilyincorporatedintopresentagriculturalsystems. Kyoto,Japan ShinyaFunakawa v Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ShinyaFunakawa PartI DistributionofClayMineralsinTropicalAsiaandAfrica withSpecialReferencetoParentMaterials(Geology)and ClimaticConditions 2 ParentMaterialsandClimateControlSecondaryMineral DistributionsinSoilsofKalimantan,Indonesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 TetsuhiroWatanabeandSupiandiSabiham 3 InfluenceofClimaticFactoronClayMineralogyinHumid Asia:SignificanceofVermiculitizationofMicaMinerals UnderaUdicSoilMoistureRegime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 ShinyaFunakawaandTetsuhiroWatanabe 4 Soil-FormingFactorsDeterminingtheDistributionPatterns ofDifferentSoilsinTanzaniawithSpecialReference toClayMineralogy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 ShinyaFunakawaandMethodKilasara 5 SoilFertilityStatusinEquatorialAfrica:AComparison oftheGreatRiftValleyRegionsandCentral/WesternAfrica. . . . 85 ShinyaFunakawaandTakashiKosaki 6 SignificanceofActiveAluminumandIrononOrganic CarbonPreservationandPhosphateSorption/Release inTropicalSoils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 TetsuhiroWatanabe vii viii Contents PartII EcosystemProcessesinForest-SoilSystemsUnderDifferent Geological,Climatic,andSoilConditions 7 SoilAcidificationPatternsUnderDifferentGeological andClimaticConditionsinTropicalAsia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 KazumichiFujiiandAriefHartono 8 SavannazationofAfricanTropicalForestCritically ChangedtheSoilNutrientDynamicsinEastCameroon. . . . . . . . . 165 SohSugihara 9 EcosystemProcessesofFerralsolsandAcrisolsinForest-Soil SystemsofCameroon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 MakotoShibata PartIII HumanAdaptationofAgriculturalPracticesinUpland SoilsUnderDifferentBio-climaticConditionsinTropical AsiaandSub-SaharanAfrica 10 ChangesinElementalDynamicsAfterReclamationofForest andSavannainCameroonandComparisonwiththeCase inSoutheastAsia. . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. 209 MakotoShibata 11 ShiftingCultivationinNorthernThailandwithSpecial ReferencetotheFunctionoftheFallowPhase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 ShinyaFunakawa 12 Slash-and-BurnAgricultureinZambia. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 253 KaoriAndoandHitoshiShinjo 13 ComparisonofNutrientUtilizationStrategiesofTraditional ShiftingAgricultureUnderDifferentClimaticandSoilConditions inZambia,Thailand,Indonesia,andCameroon:Examples ofTemporalRedistributionofEcosystemResources. . . . . . . . . . . 275 ShinyaFunakawa 14 InteractionsBetweenAgriculturalandPastoralActivities intheSahelwithEmphasisonManagementofLivestock Excreta:ACaseStudyinSouthwesternNiger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 HitoshiShinjo PartIV PossibleStrategiesforControllingNutrientDynamics inFutureAgriculturalActivitiesintheTropics 15 ControlofWindErosion,LossofSoils,andOrganicMatter Usingthe“FallowBandSystem”inSemiaridSandySoils oftheSahel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 KentaIkazaki Contents ix 16 ProcessofRunoffGenerationatDifferentCultivatedSloping SitesinNorthandNortheastThailand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 ShinyaFunakawa 17 ControlofWaterErosionLossofSoilsUsingAppropriate SurfaceManagementinTanzaniaandCameroon. . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 TomohiroNishigaki 18 UtilizationofSoilMicrobesasaTemporalNutrientPool toSynchronizeNutrientSupplyandUptake:ATrial intheDryTropicalCroplandsofTanzania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 SohSugiharaandMethodKilasara 19 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 ShinyaFunakawa Chapter 1 Introduction ShinyaFunakawa Abstract This volume describes soil and ecosystem processes and agronomic practices that are well-suitedfor sustainability intropical regions. InPartI,pedo- genic processes on different continents, i.e., in humid Asia and equatorial Africa, arediscussedindetail,withspecialreferencetoourrecentfindingsregardingclay mineralogy and soil fertility in these regions. Part II provides a comparative analysis of pedogenic acidification processes under different geological and cli- matic conditions in humid Asia where Ultisols predominate and follow with a comparative analysis of Oxisols in Cameroon. This analysis is presented within the context of an “ecosystem strategy for resource (nutrients) acquisition,” as a drivingforceofmineralweatheringandsoildevelopment.PartsIIIandIVprovide an analysis of “low-input” agricultural methods and a description of trials for establishing“minimum-loss”agriculture,respectively,intropicalAsiaandAfrica. Firstly, shifting cultivation and/or slash-and-burn agriculture in different regions, i.e., inthe forest–savanna boundary of Cameroon, monsoonal forests in Thailand, andthemiombowoodlandofZambia,areanalyzed.Theseagriculturalsystemsare then comparatively analyzed in the context of on-site re-accumulation and/or temporal redistribution of nutrients. In addition, the interaction between agricul- tural and pastoral activities in the Sahel is analyzed from the viewpoint of the spatial redistribution of resources, i.e., transport of resources to the farm from outside. Agricultural practices consistent with “low-input” and “minimum-loss” management have been characterized, and they provide a knowledge base and technical framework for scientifically based sustainable soil management. We then describe several trials undertaken for the control of soil erosion by either windorwaterindifferentregions,characterizedbydifferenttropicalclimatesand soils, e.g., semiarid savannas in Niger, Ultisols in monsoonal forests in Thailand, andonUltisolsandOxisolsinsavannasandforestsofTanzaniaandCameroon.A trialconductedonacroplandinTanzania—forthepurposeofminimizinglossesof nitrogenduetoleaching—thatutilizessoilmicrobialbiomassasatemporarypool isalsodescribed. S.Funakawa(*) GraduateSchoolofGlobalEnvironmentalStudies,KyotoUniversity,Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku,Kyoto606-8501,Japan e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerJapanKK2017 1 S.Funakawa(ed.),Soils,EcosystemProcesses,andAgriculturalDevelopment, DOI10.1007/978-4-431-56484-3_1 2 S.Funakawa Keywords Clay mineralogy • Ecosystem strategy for resource (nutrients) acquisition•Low-inputagriculture•Minimum-lossagriculture•Tropics 1.1 What Is Soil? Fiveessentialsoil-formingfactors,i.e.,parentmaterial,climate,biologicalactivity, topography, and time, were initially specified by Dokuchaev more than 100 years ago.Thisideaisaclassicalinsoilscience,andmanyresearchershaveexplainedthe presentsoildistributionpatternbasedonthesesoil-formingfactors.Inmyopinion, during the formation of a particular soil, the contribution of biological activity is crucial,sincetheparentmaterialofsoilcoulddeveloptothe“actual”soilonlyafter undergoing interactive reactions with biosphere. More specifically, the role of biological activity and time in actual soil formation differs from that of the other threesoil-formingfactors,asshowninFig.1.1. Parent material, topography, and climate are considered to be inherent condi- tions that are essentially a result of the earth’s activity. The parent material of a specific soilisdeterminedeitherdirectlybythemovementofearth’scrust,which distributesdifferentkind ofrockswith variable chemicalcomposition todifferent parts of the land surface, or indirectly through the mode of deposition, forming different types of soils such as residual, colluvial, alluvial, or aeolian. This factor could govern soil formation through mineral weathering and supply of mineral nutrientstothebiosphere.Topographyisprimarilytheresultoforogenesis,which controls the direction of water movement and the hydraulic environment of soil. Climateisprimarilycontrolledbythedistributionpatternoflandandoceanonthe earth’s surface and the rotation and revolution of the earth, which are mostly determinedbytheearth’s(andsolar)activities. Incontrast,biologicalactivityisnottheinitialcondition.Ratheritisthedriving forceofsoildevelopmentandisalsoregulatedbytheinherentconditionsofearth’s surfacesimilarlyassoil.Timemayrelatetothecumulativebiologicalactivityand isnotindependentfromclimateand/ortopographicfactors.Forexample,inthesoil under rainforest climate, soil and biological reactions proceed more rapidly; thereby soil development would be faster than that under dry climatic conditions. Inthesoilonastableflatterrain,therateofsoilerosionislowandthesoilisaged andstronglyweathered;therefore,ithaslowresidualmineralcontent. InPartIofthisvolume,thesoil-formingprocessesindifferentcontinents,i.e.,in humid Asia and equatorial Africa, have been discussed in detail, with special reference to our recent findings regarding the clay mineralogy and soil fertility in these regions. First, based on the soils in humid Asia, the importance of parent material and climate factors for the development of upland soils have been discussed, with special emphasis on the process of vermiculitization of illitic minerals from sedimentary rocks and/or felsic plutonic rocks under a udic soil moisture regime as a determining factor for certain chemical properties of soils, suchascationexchangecapacityandlevelofexchangeablealuminum,andalsofor
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