Soils and Rocks

109 Pages·2015·33.01 MB·English

ISSN 1980-9743
SOILSandROCKS AnInternationalJournalofGeotechnicalandGeoenvironmentalEngineering
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Soils and Rocks is an International Journal of Geotechnical and
Geoenvironmental Engineering published by
ABMS - Brazilian Association for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
Av. Queiroz Filho, 1700 – Torre A Sky, Sala 106 – Vila Hamburguesa
05319-000, São Paulo, SP
Brazil
SPG – Portuguese Geotechnical Society
LNEC, Avenida do Brasil, 101
1700-066 Lisboa
Portugal
Issue Date:December 2015
Issue:400 copies and 800 online-distributed copies
Manuscript Submission:For review criteria and manuscript submission information, see Instructions for Authors at the end.
Disclaimer:Theopinionsandstatementspublishedinthisjournalaresolelytheauthor’sandnotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoropinions
ofthepublishers(ABMSandSPG).Thepublishersdonotacceptanyliabilityarisinginanywayfromtheopinions,statementsanduseof
the information presented.
Copyright:Authors and ABMS-Brazilian Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
SOILS and ROCKS
An International Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
EditorWaldemar Coelho Hachich -University of São Paulo, Brazil
Co-editorManuel Matos Fernandes -University of Porto, Portugal
Executive Board
Alberto Sayão Ian Schumann Martins
Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Jorge Almeida e Sousa João Maranha
University of Coimbra, Portugal LNEC, Portugal
Associate Editors
H. Einstein E. Maranha das Neves Harry G. Poulos
MIT, USA Lisbon Technical University, Portugal University of Sidney, Australia
John A. Hudson Nielen van der Merve Niek Rengers
Imperial College, UK University of Pretoria, South Africa ITC, The Netherlands
Kenji Ishihara Paul Marinos Fumio Tatsuoka
University of Tokyo, Japan NTUA, Greece Tokyo University of Science, Japan
Michele Jamiolkowski James K. Mitchell Luiz González de Vallejo
Studio Geotecnico Italiano, Italy Virginia Tech., USA UCM, Spain
Willy A. Lacerda Lars Persson Roger Frank
COPPE/UFRJ, Brazil SGU, Sweden ENPC-Cermes, France
Editorial Board Members
Roberto F. Azevedo Orencio Monje Vilar R. Kerry Rowe
Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil University of São Paulo at São Carlos, Brazil Queen’s University, Canada
Milton Kanji Maria Eugenia Boscov R. Jonathan Fannin
University of São Paulo, Brazil University of São Paulo, Brazil University of British Columbia, Canada
Antonio M.S. Oliveira Eda Freitas de Quadros Laura Caldeira
University of Guarulhos, Brazil BGTECH, Brazil LNEC, Portugal
Omar Y. Bitar Vinod Garga António S. Cardoso
IPT, Brazil University of Ottawa, Canada University of Porto, Portugal
Lázaro V. Zuquette Richard J. Bathurst José D. Rodrigues
University of São Paulo, Brazil Royal Military College of Canada Consultant, Portugal
Fabio Taioli Robert Mair António G. Coelho
University of São Paulo, Brazil University of Cambridge, UK Consultant, Portugal
Tarcisio Celestino Serge Leroueil Luís R. Sousa
University of São Paulo-SC, Brazil University of Laval, Canada University of Porto, Portugal
Roberto Q. Coutinho Mario Manassero Rui M. Correia
Federal Univ. of Pernambuco, Brazil Politécnico di Torino, Italy LNEC, Portugal
Nilo C. Consoli Luis Valenzuela João Marcelino
Federal Univ. Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Consultant, Chile LNEC, Portugal
Sandro S. Sandroni Jorge G. Zornberg António C. Mineiro
Consultant, Brazil University of Texas/Austin, USA University of Lisbon, Portugal
Sérgio A.B. Fontoura Andrew Whittle António P. Cunha
Pontifical Catholic University, Brazil MIT, USA LNEC, Portugal New
Ennio M. Palmeira Pierre Bérest António G. Correia
University of Brasilia, Brazil LCPC, France University of Minho, Portugal
Luciano Décourt Peter Kaiser Carlos D. Gama
Consultant, Brazil Laurentian University, Canada Lisbon Technical University, Portugal
Faiçal Massad He Manchao José V. Lemos
University of São Paulo, Brazil CUMT, China LNEC, Portugal
Marcus Pacheco Teruo Nakai Nuno Grossmann
University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Nagoya Inst. Technology, Japan LNEC, Portugal
Paulo Maia Claudio Olalla Luís L. Lemos
University of Northern Rio de Janeiro, Brazil CEDEX, Spain University of Coimbra, Portugal
Renato Cunha Frederick Baynes Ricardo Oliveira
University of Brasília, Brazil Baynes Geologic Ltd., Australia COBA, Portugal
“Ad hoc” Reviewers (2014-2015)
Ana Cristina Sieira Edmundo Rogério Esquível Luís Valenzuela
UERJ, Brazil USP-S. Carlos, Brazil Arcadis, Chile
André Luís Brasil Cavalcante Eurípedes Vargas Marc Vinches
UnB, Brazil PUC-RJ, Brazil Ecole des Mines d'Alès, France
Antonio Airton Bortolucci Fernando Antonio Medeiros Marinho Marcia Maria dos Anjos Mascarenhas
USP-S. Carlos, Brazil USP-Poli, Brazil UFG, Brazil
Arsenio Negro Jr. Fernando Olavo Franciss Maria Cláudia Barbosa
Bureau, Brazil Progeo, Brazil UFRJ, Brazil
Bernadete Ragoni Danziger Francisco Chagas da Silva Filho Maurício Ehrlich
UERJ, Brazil UFC, Brazil UFRJ, Brazil
Carlos Medeiros Silva Francisco de Rezende Lopes Nelson Aoki
Embre, Brazil UFRJ, Brazil USP-S.Carlos, Brazil
Claudio Fernando Mahler Frederico Falconi Paulo Scarano Hemsi
UFRJ, Brazil ZF, Brazil ITA, Brazil
Claudio Michael Wolle Isabel Lopes Renato Pinto da Cunha
USP-Poli, Brazil IST, Portugal UnB, Brazil
David Martins Geraldo Taborda João Manuel Marcelino Mateus da Silva Sussumu Niyama
Imperial College, UK LNEC, Portugal Tecnum, Brazil
Denise Gerscovich José Camapum de Carvalho Tácio Campos
UERJ, Brazil UnB, Brazil PUC-RJ, Brazil
Eda Quadros José Renato Baptista de Lima Tiago Miranda
BGTECH, Brazil USP-Poli Univ. do Minho, Portugal
Edgar Odebrecht Kátia Bicalho Waldyr Lopes de Oliveira Filho
Geoforma, Brazil UFES, Brazil UFOP, Brazil
Edgard Poiate Leonardo Becker
Petrobrás, Brazil UFRJ, Brazil
Soils and Rocks publishes papers in English in the broad fields of Geotechnical Engineering, Engineering Geology and Geo-
environmentalEngineering.TheJournalispublishedinApril,AugustandDecember.SubscriptionpriceisUS$90.00peryear.Thejour-
nal,withthename“SoloseRochas”,wasfirstpublishedin1978bytheGraduateSchoolofEngineering,FederalUniversityofRiode
Janeiro(COPPE-UFRJ).In1980itbecametheofficialmagazineoftheBrazilianAssociationforSoilMechanicsandGeotechnicalEngi-
neering(ABMS),acquiringthenationalcharacterthathadbeentheintentionofitsfounders.In1986italsobecametheofficialJournalof
theBrazilianAssociationforEngineeringGeologyandtheEnvironment(ABGE)andin1999becametheLatinAmericanGeotechnical
Journal,followingthesupportofLatin-AmericanrepresentativesgatheredforthePan-AmericanConferenceofGuadalajara(1996).In
2007thejournalacquiredthestatusofaninternationaljournalunderthenameofSoilsandRocks,publishedbytheBrazilianAssociation
for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ABMS), Brazilian Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment
(ABGE) and Portuguese Geotechnical Society (SPG). In 2010, ABGE decided to publish its own journal and left the partnership.
Soils and Rocks
1978, 1 (1, 2)
1979, 1 (3), 2 (1,2)
1980-1983, 3-6 (1, 2, 3)
1984, 7 (single number)
1985-1987, 8-10 (1, 2, 3)
1988-1990, 11-13 (single number)
1991-1992, 14-15 (1, 2)
1993, 16 (1, 2, 3, 4)
1994-2010, 17-33 (1, 2, 3)
2011, 34 (1, 2, 3, 4)
2012-2014, 35-37 (1, 2, 3)
2015, 38 (1, 2, 3)
ISSN 1980-9743 CDU 624.131.1
ISSN1980-9743
SOILS and ROCKS
An International Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Publication of
ABMS - BrazilianAssociationforSoilMechanicsandGeotechnicalEngineering
SPG - Portuguese Geotechnical Society
Volume 38, N. 3, September-December 2015
Table of Contents
PACHECO SILVA LECTURE
New Developments in the Control and Prediction of the Movements
Induced by Deep Excavations in Soft Soils
M.M. Fernandes 191
ARTICLES
Use of Sugarcane Bagasse as Carbon Substrate in Permeable Reactive Barriers:
Laboratory Batch Tests and Mathematical Modeling
R.C. Mattos, P.S. Hemsi, E.Y. Kawachi, F.T. Silva 219
Apparent Pressures on Multi-Propped Retaining Walls in Soils Under Drained Conditions
with Shallow Water Table
L. Andrade Viana, N.M. da Costa Guerra 231
On the Interpretation of the Bidirectional Static Load Test
F. Massad 249
TECHNICAL NOTE
Revisiting Classical Methods to Identify Collapsible Soils
O.M. Vilar, R.A. Rodrigues 265

Pacheco Silva Lecture
The Pacheco Silva Lecture is delivered each two years by an important geo-
technicalprofessionalfromBrazilorabroadtohonourthememoryofthedistin-
guished Brazilian geotechnical engineer Francisco Pacheco Silva (1918-1974).
PachecoSilvawasaresearcheroftheTechnologicalResearchInstitute(IPT/SP)
for 33 years and consultant in geotechnical engineering in several occasions. In
1947heobtainedhisMSc.degreefromHarvardUniversity,wherehewasastu-
dentofKarlTerzaghiandArthurCasagrande.Heworkedinpracticallyallfields
ofgeotechnicalengineering,buthismainresearchinterestswereonsoilbehav-
iour,laboratorytestingandgeotechnicalinstrumentation.Hewasalsooneofthe
foundersandpastpresidentsoftheBrazilianAssociationforSoilMechanicsand
GeotechnicalEngineering-ABMS.
Prof. Manuel de Matos Fernandes
The2014PachecoSilvaLecturerisManueldeMatosFernandes,61years,Full
ProfessorattheFacultyofEngineeringofUniversityofPorto(FEUP),Portugal.
HegothisdegreeinCivilEngineeringin1976atFEUP.ThePhDthesis(1984),on
flexible earth-retaining structures, was developed at LNEC, Lisbon. He was the
mainresponsibleforthedevelopmentatFEUPofateamdevotedtoGeotechnics.
Hisareasofinteresthavebeenfocusedonnumericalmodellingofgeotechnical
structures,deepexcavations,EurocodesandteachingSoilMechanics(heisauthor
oftwotextbooks).Inthelast25yearshehashadactivityofdesignandconsul-
tancy, particularly in bridge foundations and urban excavations.
Soils and Rocks
v. 38, n. 3

New Developments in the Control and Prediction of the
Movements Induced by Deep Excavations in Soft Soils
M. Matos Fernandes
Abstract.ThepapercorrespondstothePachecoSilvaLecturedeliveredbytheauthorinSeptember2014.Inthefirstpart
ofthetext,ageneralperspectiveofthemovementsinducedbydeepexcavationsinsoftsoilsisoutlined.Thegeneralreport
presentedbyRalphB.Pecktothe1969ISSMFEMéxicoconferenceistakenasreferenceandtheprogressachievedsince
theninthecontrolofthemovementsisemphasized.Itispointedoutthatsuchprogresspermitsthatinverydemanding
urbanscenariosinvolvingsoftsoilsoneshouldworktowardsaperformance,withregardtoinducedmovements,similarto
(orevenbetterthan)thatisachievedincomparableexcavationsinstiffsoils.Startingfromthisgeneralframework,some
issuesrelevanttoaneffectivecontrolandtoareliablepredictionofthemovementsaretreated:thepre-stressofthestrut
system,themethodologiesforprovidingsupporttotheretainingwallbeforetheremovalofthesoil,thesurfacesettlements
inducedbytheconsolidationofthesoilinthelong-termandtheinfluenceofthenon-linearbehaviourofthereinforced
concrete wall. Results of research on these topics are presented and discussed and general conclusions are extracted.
Keywords:deep excavations, soft soils, induced movements, soil improvement, consolidation, nonlinear reinforced concrete.
1. Introduction clayeysoils,withthewalltipembeddedinafirmlayerun-
derlyingthesoftdeposit.Thissequenceisselectedfroma
Deepexcavationsinthickdepositsofsoftsoilshave
finiteelementsimulationbutitcouldcorrespondtorealob-
been one of the major challenges that geotechnical engi-
servedresults.Inthefiniteelementanalysisthestrutswere
neers have faced in the last decades.
pre-stressed.
Literature contains a large number of references to
Itispossibletoobservethatwiththeprogressofthe
such works in cities like Oslo (Karlsrud, 1983), Lisbon
constructionprocessthewallfaceattheexcavatedsideex-
(Matos Fernandes, 1985, 2007), Chicago (Finno et al.,
hibitsanincreasingconvexity,withthepointofmaximum
1989),SanFrancisco(Clough&Reed,1984;Koutsoftaset
displacement at increasing depth. Simultaneously, the
al.,2000),Singapore(Wongetal.,1997),Shanghai(Wang
ground surface becomes concave, with the point of maxi-
etal.,2005;Luietal.,2011;Ngetal.,2012)andTaipei(Ou
mumsettlementbeingsituatedatincreasingdistanceinre-
et al., 2006; Hwanget al., 2007).
lationtotheretainingwall.Thisconcavityarisesfromthe
Amajorissuewhendealingwithexcavationsinthick
upward tangential stresses applied by the wall to the sup-
depositsofsoftclayeysoilsisthemagnitudeofthemove-
ported ground through its back face, therefore ensuring
mentsinducedinthevicinity.Thissubjecthasknown,for
smallersettlementsinthesurfaceregionadjacenttotheex-
thefirsttime,aconsistentapproachinthewell-knownGen-
cavation (Matos Fernandes, 2004).
eral Report to the México ISSMFE conference by Peck
(1969). Since then an auspicious progress in the under- Figure2aisextractedfromthesequencecommented
standingandthecontrolofthemovementswasachievedas above, distinguishing the lateral displacement of a given
a result of the introduction of new construction technolo- point P of the wall face when the excavation platform
gies, new structural systems and new methods of analysis. reaches the elevation of that point. So, this displacement
hasoccurredwhenPwasunderneaththebaseoftheexca-
The fact that such excavations are becoming deeper
vation.InFig.2b,thedisplacementofPatthecompletion
andarebeingdoneundermoredaringanddemandingcon-
oftheexcavationisshown.Itcanbeobservedthatthisdis-
ditionsisthemotivetoreanalysethistopicinthelightofthe
placementpracticallycoincideswiththeoneshowninFig.
recentresultspublishedintheliteratureandofthenewpos-
2a.So,itcanbeconcludedthatthedisplacementofPwhen
sibilities provided by the techniques currently available.
this point was above the current excavation platform was
2. Moviments Induced by Excavations in Soft practically null.
Clayey Soils. General Perspective This result illustrates an important characteristic of
this type of excavations with controlled construction
2.1. Introduction. Some previous matters
(avoiding overexcavation and with pre-stressed struts
Figure1showsthetypicalsequenceofmovementsof having high axial effective stiffness). Basically, the ob-
a strutted flexible retaining wall in a thick deposit of soft served lateral displacements at each point of the wall
Manuel de Matos Fernandes, Full Professor, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal. e-mail: [email protected].
Invited Lecture, no discussion.
Soils and Rocks, São Paulo, 38(3): 191-215, September-December, 2015. 191
Matos Fernandes
Figure 1- Typical sequence of the movements of a strutted flexible retaining wall in a thick deposit of soft clayey soils.
Figure2-Displacementsunderneaththecurrentexcavationbase(a)andatthefinalexcavationstage(b)ofagenericpointofthewall
from the sequence illustrated in Fig. 1.
occur under the excavation base, that is, before an ade- of the ones of the ground surface during the excavation
quatestructuralsupportcouldbegiventothewallatthat phase.Assumingundrainedsoilbehaviourduringtheexca-
point. This fact is the key of the major difficulty in con- vation,thatisnullvolumetricstrains,thetwoareasmarked
trolling the movements induced by deep excavations in in Fig. 3, corresponding to the integral of the horizontal
thickdepositsofsoftsoils!
wall displacements and to the integral of surface settle-
Obviously, the control of the lateral wall displace- ments at the completion of the excavation will be practi-
mentsisrelevantbecausesuchdisplacementsarethecause cally equal.
192 Soils and Rocks, São Paulo, 38(3): 191-215, September-December, 2015.