Soils and Food Security

242 Pages·2012·6.349 MB·English

by  R E Hester, R M Harrison, Luca Montanarella, Peter Gregory, Wendy Peterman, Ingrid Iborn, Fredrick O Ayuke, Paul Hallett, David Robinson, Bernard Vanlauwe, David Manning

Soils and Food Security
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ISSUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
EDITORS:
R.E.Hester,UniversityofYork,UK
1 R.M.Harrison,UniversityofBirmingham,UK
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73 P.Crutzen,Max-Planck-Institutfu¨rChemie,Germany,S.J.deMora,PlymouthMarineLaboratory,UK,G.Eduljee,
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4 SITA,UK,L.Heathwaite,LancasterUniversity,UK,S.Holgate,UniversityofSouthampton,UK,P.K.Hopke,
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1 ClarksonUniversity,USA,SirJohnHoughton,MeteorologicalOffice,UK,P.Leinster,EnvironmentAgency,UK,J.
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97 Lester,ImperialCollegeofScience,TechnologyandMedicine,UK,P.S.Liss,SchoolofEnvironmentalSciences,
9/ UniversityofEastAnglia,UK,D.Mackay,TrentUniversity,Canada,A.Proctor,FoodScienceDepartment,
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10 UniversityofArkansas,USA,D.Taylor,AstraZenecaplc,UK.
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g | d TITLESINTHESERIES:
or 1:MininganditsEnvironmentalImpact 19:Sustainability and Environmental Impact of
sc. 2:WasteIncinerationandtheEnvironment RenewableEnergySources
ch 2013p://pubs.r 345:::WVAogalrsaitcteuilelTturOeraragltmaCnehincetmCaioncmadlpsDoaiunsnpddotsshaielnEthneviArotnmmoesnpthere 222012:::TSCurhasetnmasipincoaarbltsilaitinnydintthhAeegEErnincvvuiirlrtoounnrmemeenntt: Assessing and
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on 0012 89::ARiirskQAuasslietsysmMeanntaagnedmRenistkManagement 2245::NBiaondoivteecrshintyolUognyderThreat
oaded mber 2 1101::AEnirviProolnlumteionntaalnIdmpHaecatltohfPowerGeneration 2267::EEnlevcitrroonnmiceWntaalstFeoMreannsaicgsement
ownlDece 1123::ECnhdemocirsitnryeDinistrhuepMtinagrinCeheEmnivciarolsnment 2289::ACairrbQounalCitaypitnurUerbanEnvironments
D1 14:Causes and Environmental Implications of 30:EcosystemServices
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n IncreasedUV-BRadiation 31:SustainableWater
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d 15:FoodSafetyandFoodQuality 32:NuclearPowerandtheEnvironment
he 16:Assessment and Reclamation of Contaminated 33:MarinePollutionandHumanHealth
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bli Land 34:EnvironmentalImpactsofModernAgriculture
Pu 17:GlobalEnvironmentalChange 35:SoilsandFoodSecurity
18:EnvironmentalandHealthImpactofSolidWaste
ManagementActivities
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ISSUESINENVIRONMENTALSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY
EDITORS: R.E. HESTER AND R.M. HARRISON
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org | ISSN 1350-7583
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6 March 2013on http://pubs.r A#cTahtaeloRgouyearleScoorcdietfyorotfhCishbemooisktriys a2v0a1i2lable from the British Library
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43 Preface
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oi: Theworld’spopulationreached7billionin2011andisexpectedtogrowfurther
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g | toexceed9billionby2050.Feedingthispopulationdependsonthethinlayerof
or soil which covers the Earth’s ice-free land surface, less than 40% of which is
c.
ch 2013p://pubs.rs ctaoulrreirnaecdnrytelaybseaeevnbayidlae7bg0lr%eadtobedyagb2ry0ic5su0ol,tiluberureto.Tsairhooneudanendmd6ad0ne%dplfoeotfriotfhoneoodsfo,nfileuertdreiseaonnutdrscfoeibrsranereeiesdceuexdrpreehcnattevldye
n 06 Mar12 on htt btheeinrgatuesoefdpuonpsuulsattaioinnagbrlyo.wTthhriosuhgighhoeustt(mthuecchuorrfetnhte1lebsisllidoenvpelooppueldatwioonrlodf,Awfhreicrae
oaded omber 20 iusnepxrpoedcutecdtivtoedsooiulsb.leCbroyp2p0i5n0g),thfoeoldanpdrordeumcotivoensinsudtormienintsatferdombytlhoewsyoiielldansdfrothme
wnlece replacement levels of fertilisers required for sustainability are simply unafford-
oD able by most African farmers. The resulting soil degradation and erosion has
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3 seriousadverseconsequences,notonlyforfoodproduction(850millionpeople
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d currentlysufferfromundernourishment)butalsoforotherimportantecosystem
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sh services provided by soils (carbon and water storage, filtration and buffering,
ubli wastedisposal,nutrientrecyclingandthesupportofgeneticdiversity).
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Land and soil are limited and non-renewable resources. But, if nothing
changes,by2050theequivalentoftwoplanetEarthswillbeneededtosustain
thepopulation.With growing affluenceinsome partsofthedevelopedworld,
increasingconsumptionofmeatanddairyproductsandtheuseofbiomassfor
energyandotherindustrialpurposescreateincreasingdemandforagricultural
production. Meanwhile, increasing urbanisation (growth of cities and
industrialisation), infrastructure growth and land-use changes (e.g. biofuels
production), are shrinking the land base available for agriculture.
Soil functions as both a source and a sink for carbon dioxide and has a
powerful influence on global climate. There is twice as much carbon in soil
worldwide than in the whole of the Earth’s atmosphere. It is well known that
IssuesinEnvironmentalScienceandTechnologyNo.35
SoilsandFoodSecurity
EditedbyR.E.HesterandR.M.Harrison
#TheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2012
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
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vi Preface
forestry has important influences on climate but less known that the potent
greenhouse gases methane and nitrous oxide can be released from wetlands
and permafrost soils as climate warming occurs, thus providing a major
feedback mechanism for enhanced warming. These climate change effects, in
05 turn, impact on agricultural productivity.
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FP From these introductory observations it may reasonably be concluded that
38- thereisemerginganurgentneedtocombaterosionoftheworld’ssoilsandtouse
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35 them sustainably for food production if we are to avoid problems of severe and
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49 widespreadmalnutritionorevenfamineinthenot-so-distantfuture.Thisbookis
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81 anattempttoaddressthisproblemarea.ItbeginswithachapterbyPeterGregory,
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9/9 Chief Executive of East Malling Research in Kent, UK, which surveys the
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0 challengesandopportunitiesforsustainingsoilfertilitywhileavoidingdetrimental
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10. environmentalconsequences.LucaMontanarellaoftheEUJointResearchCentre
doi: inIspra,Italy,thenreviewstheproblemofpreservingthecapacityofglobalsoils
g | for food production. In Chapter 3, David Robinson, of the NERC Centre for
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c. EcologyandHydrologyinBangor,Wales,incollaborationwithcolleaguesfrom
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6 March 2013on http://pubs.r osUsuetrnhsvtieavircieneUrasdKibteylleiinvoaesfgtriyrtiWu.ctNuiiolsetcnuxosrtn,eisdsiainsnac,durUesfsvoSeioesAwdt,hseboyycfsotAetnmhlcfeesrp.eedtTvshaHolefuasafrootteiicolmunnsianttakhuneradannldsrcheacpipfooittlsrlaetltianoaggnusdueosbef-cfSrosoasomhyilsastrteahminne
n 012 Africa (SSA) in Chapters 5 and 6. Fredrick Ayuke and his colleagues at the
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oaded mber 2 UdisnciuvessrsiatgyroobfiNodaiivreorbsii,tyKaenndyai,tsanpdottehnetiaWloursledfAorgreonfohraensctirnygCseoniltrheeianlthNainirotbhie,
wnlece tropicalsoilsofAfrica.ThenBernardVanlauweoftheInternationalInstituteof
oD
D1 TropicalAgricultureinNairobiexaminestheavailabilityandmanagementofsoil
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n organicmatterinthecontextofIntegratedSoilandFertilityManagementinSSA.
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d Chapter 7, written by Wendy Peterman and Dominique Bachelet of the
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blis Conservation Biology Institute in Corvallis, USA, addresses the key topic of
Pu climatechangeinthecontextofforestdynamics.InChapter8,DavidManningof
Newcastle University, UK, describes how removal of crops from the ground
representsaformofmineralnutrientmininganddiscussesthefinitenatureofthe
mineral sources of plant nutrients. In Chapter 9, by Paul Hallett and colleagues
from the James Hutton Institute in Dundee, Scotland, and the University of
Cottbus, Germany, the problem of restoring degraded soils to agricultural
productionisconsideredandpotentialsolutionsarepresented.
Finally, we wish to acknowledge the help and advice provided by Colin
Campbelland,particularly,byPaulHallett,bothoftheJamesHuttonInstitute,
intheformativestagesandthroughoutthecommissioningofthechaptersofthis
book.Webelievethebookwillbefoundinformativebyandofinteresttoawide
rangeofusers,fromagronomistsandthoseprofessionallyengagedinsoilscience
and agriculture, through to policy makers and to students in environmental
sciences,foodscienceandenvironmentalandresourcemanagementcourses.
Ronald E. Hester
Roy M. Harrison
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78 Ronald E. Hester, BSc, DSc (London), PhD (Cornell),
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9/ FRSC, CChem
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0. Ronald E. Hester is now Emeritus Professor of Chemistry
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oi: in the University of York. He was for short periods a
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g | researchfellow in Cambridge andan assistant professor at
c.or Cornell before being appointed to a lectureship in chem-
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ch 2013p://pubs.r i1tsh9ter8y3airtnoeaY20oo0fr1kv.iiHnbri1as9tmi6o5on.raHelteshpwaenacst3ra0o0sfucpolulpbpylr,ioclfaaettsitoseonrrlsyianfroeYcmoursakiinnfglryooimnn
6 Maron htt time-resolved studies of photoreaction intermediates and on biomolecular
n 012 systems in solution. He is active in environmental chemistry and is a founder
oaded omber 20 mofemCbheermaisntdryfoarnmderecdhitaoirrmoafn‘IonfdtuhsetrEynvainrodntmheenEtGnvriorounpmoefnthteinRoPyearlspSeocctiievtey’
wnlece (RSC,1983)and‘UnderstandingOurEnvironment’(RSC,1986).Asamember
oD of the Council of the UK Science and Engineering Research Council and
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n 3 severalofitssub-committees,panels andboards,hehasbeen heavilyinvolved
d o in national science policy and administration. He was, from 1991 to 1993, a
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sh member of the UK Department of the Environment Advisory Committee on
ubli Hazardous Substances and from 1995 to 2000 was a member of the Publica-
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tions and Information Board of the Royal Society of Chemistry.
Roy M. Harrison, BSc, PhD, DSc (Birmingham), FRSC,
CChem, FRMetS,HonMFPH,HonFFOM, HonMCIEH
Roy M. Harrison is Queen Elizabeth II Birmingham Cen-
tenaryProfessorofEnvironmentalHealthintheUniversity
of Birmingham. He was previously Lecturer in Environ-
mentalSciencesattheUniversityofLancasterandReader
and Director of the Institute of Aerosol Science at the
University of Essex. His more than 300 publications are
mainlyinthefieldofenvironmentalchemistry,althoughhis
current work includes studies of human health impacts of atmospheric pollu-
tantsaswellasresearchintothechemistryofpollutionphenomena.Heisapast
Chairman of the Environment Group of the Royal Society of Chemistry for
whom he has edited ‘Pollution: Causes, Effects and Control’ (RSC, 1983;
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xiv Editors
FourthEdition,2001)and‘UnderstandingourEnvironment:AnIntroduction
to Environmental Chemistry and Pollution’ (RSC, Third Edition, 1999). He
hasacloseinterestinscientificandpolicyaspectsofairpollution,havingbeen
Chairman of the Department of Environment Quality of Urban Air Review
13 Group and the DETR Atmospheric Particles Expert Group. He is currently a
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43 List of Contributors
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oi: Soils and Food Security: Challenges and Opportunities
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g | PeterGregory,EastMallingResearch,NewRoad,EastMalling,Kent,ME19
or 6BJ, UK, Email: [email protected]
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ch 2013p://pubs.r GLulocbaalMSooniltsa:nParreelslear,viEngurtohpeeCanapCacoimtymfoisrsiFoono,dDPGrodJuRcCtio,nVia E. Fermi, 2749
6 Maron htt I-21027 Ispra (VA), Italy, Email: [email protected]
n 012 Soil Natural Capital and Ecosystem Service Delivery in a World of Global Soil
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oaded mber 2 CDhaavindgeA. Robinson (corresponding author), NERC Centre for Ecology and
wnlece Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, LL57 2UW,
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D1 UK, Email: [email protected]
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n BridgettA. Emmett,NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment
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ed Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK
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blis Brian Reynolds, NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment
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P Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK
Ed Rowe, NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre
Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK
Dave Spurgeon, NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford,
Oxon, UK
Aidan M. Keith, NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster
Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK
InmaLebron,NERCCentreforEcologyandHydrology,EnvironmentCentre
Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK
Neal Hockley, School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography,
Bangor University, Bangor, UK
IssuesinEnvironmentalScienceandTechnologyNo.35
SoilsandFoodSecurity
EditedbyR.E.HesterandR.M.Harrison
#TheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2012
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
xv
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xvi Listof Contributors
The Evaluation and Reporting of Soils in Sustainable Agriculture and Food
Systems
Alfred E. Hartemink (corresponding author), University of Wisconsin,
Department of Soil Science, F.D. Hole Soils Lab, 1525 Observatory Drive,
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1 Madison, WI 53706, USA, E-mail: [email protected]
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F AmandaL.Raster,UniversityofWisconsin,DepartmentofHorticulture,1575
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3 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA, E-mail [email protected]
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3 Molly M. Jahn, University of Wisconsin, Laboratory of Genetics and
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84 Department of Agronomy, 425 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA, E-
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78 mail [email protected]
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03 Agrobiodiversity and Potential Use for Enhancing Soil Health in Tropical Soils
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0. of Africa
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oi: Fredrick O. Ayuke (corresponding author), Department of Land Resource
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g | Management & Agricultural Technology, University of Nairobi, P.O Box
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c. 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya, Email: [email protected]
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6 March 2013on http://pubs.r NTJNueaalcniihurconsyboKiJl,o..PgKy.OOa,rkUaBennloljioaxv,,e3DrD0sei1tep9ypa7aro-tr0fmt0mN1ee0nan0tirt,ooNfboLiaf,iarPnAo.dbOgiRr,iBcKeouseoxltnuu2yrr9aca0el5M3E-a0cno0an6g2oe5mm,iNecnsa,tir&UobAnii,gvrKeircesuintlyytuaroafl
n 012 Peter M. Wachira, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O
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oaded mber 2 BGoerxa3ld01K9.7-M00u1t0u0a,,NDaeipraorbtim, eKnetnoyfaPlant Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O
wnlece Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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D1 David K. Lelei, World Agroforestry Centre, P.O Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya
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n Charles K. K. Gachene, Department of Land Resource Management &
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ed Agricultural Technology, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 29053-00625,
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blis Nairobi, Kenya
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Organic Matter Availability and Management in the Context of Integrated Soil
Fertility Management in sub-Saharan Africa
Bernard Vanlauwe, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, c/o ICIPE,
PO Box 823 – 00621, Nairobi, Kenya, Email: [email protected]
Climate Change and Forest Dynamics: A Soils Perspective
Wendy Peterman (corresponding author), Conservation Biology Institute, 136
SW Washington Avenue, Suite 202, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA, Email:
[email protected]
Dominique Bachelet, Conservation Biology Institute, 136 SW Washington
Avenue, Suite 202, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
Plant Nutrients
David Manning, School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle
University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK, Email: david.manning@
newcastle.ac.uk