Soil Water Measurement PDF
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SOIL WATER MEASUREMENT Don’tthink,trytheexperiment JohnHunter,1728–1793 Ilovedeadlines.Ilovethewhooshingnoisetheymakeastheygoby DouglasAdams1952–2001 Soil Water Measurement A Practical Handbook J. David Cooper Former Head of Soil Physics Group and Instrument Group Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Wallingford, UK Research Fellow University of Brighton Brighton, UK With a contribution from Richard H. Cuenca Professor Emeritus Department of Biological and Ecological Engineering Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA Thiseditionfirstpublished2016©2016byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd RegisteredOffice JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK EditorialOffices 9600GarsingtonRoad,Oxford,OX42DQ,UK TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK 111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030-5774,USA Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapplyforpermissiontoreusethe copyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. TherightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeUKCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. 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LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthor(s)haveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthisbook, theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisbook andspecificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Itissoldonthe understandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservicesandneitherthepublishernor theauthorshallbeliablefordamagesarisingherefrom.Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired, theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Cooper,David,1946–author. Title:Soilwatermeasurement:apracticalhandbook/DavidCooper. Description:Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,2016.|Includes bibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2015034625|ISBN9781405176767(cloth) Subjects: LCSH:Soilmoisture–Measurement–Handbooks,manuals,etc. Classification:LCCS594.C672016|DDC631.4/32–dc23LCrecord availableathttp://lccn.loc.gov/2015034625 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappears inprintmaynotbeavailableinelectronicbooks. Coverimage:©DavidMalan/GettyImages Setin9/11.5TrumpMediaevalbySPiGlobal,Pondicherry,India 1 2016 Contents Preface, vi PART IV: WATER CONTENT – POTENTIAL RELATIONS, 223 Part I: INTRODUCTION, 1 15 Soil Water Characteristic Measurement, 225 1 Soil Water in Context, 3 PART V: HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY, 237 2 How Does Water in Soil Interact with the Soil Matrix, Air, Roots, Gravity and Other 16 Hydraulic Conductivity Measurement Substances Present?, 6 and Prediction, 239 3 What Do We Need to Measure?, 14 17 Hydraulic Conductivity Measurement of Confined Soil Samples, 241 4 Spatial Variability, 16 18 Unconfined Measurements in the Field, 257 PART II: WATER CONTENT, 21 PART VI: SOLUTE MEASUREMENT, 277 5 Definitions, 23 19 Principles and Pitfalls, 279 6 Gravimetric Method, 26 20 Solution Sampling, 283 7 Neutron Scattering, 43 21 Solute Concentration Estimation by Electrical Conductivity, 292 8 Dielectric METHODS, 101 PART VII: WATER AND SOLUTE 9 Dual-Probe Heat-Pulse MOVEMENT, 301 Sensors, 150 22 Water and Solute Transport 10 Electrical Resistivity Applications, 303 Imaging, 152 23 Water and Solute Flux Measurement, 306 PART III: WATER POTENTIAL, 159 24 Soil Water and Solute Balance Measurement and Estimation, 312 11 Water Potential Measurement, 161 PART VIII: CONCLUSION, 333 12 Tensiometers, 164 25 Concluding Remarks, 335 13 Indirect Methods of Water Potential Measurement, 203 References, 336 14 Beyond −10Metres Water Head, 214 Index, 353 Preface The principal motivation for writing this book is that for Cross and Geoff Wicks. In the British Geological Survey, over 35 years of measuring water in soil, I had not come I enjoyed fruitful collaborations with David Kinniburgh, acrossabookthatbroughttogetherinoneplacetheprinci- HelenRutter,DavidBuckley,BrianAdams,StephenFoster plesofoperationofalltheimportantmethodsandinstru- and Mike Edmunds. Outside these two organisations, mentsavailable,togetherwiththeirmethodsofuse.This DavidFourt,EdwardYoungs,PeterLeeds-Harrison,Declan bookaimstocorrectthat. Barraclough, Chris Young, Andree Carter, Tim Atkinson, Thesecondarymotivationisthatwritingthisbookisa Joseph Oisebe, Samson, Donald Laycock, Caleb Othieno, kindofpenancefornothavingcompletedaPhDandwrit- ValMercer,JohnSmith,GeorgesVachaud,MichelVauclin tentoofewpaperswhileIwasworkingattheInstituteof and Tim Burt have been most helpful. Adrian Smith and Hydrology/CentreforEcology&Hydrology. Dee Galliford of the CEH library have been most helpful Withalongcareerinthesubject,Iamindebtedtomany inprovidingaccesstobotholdandrecentliterature. morepeoplethanthereisspacetoidentifyhere.Itwouldbe In writing this book, as well as several of those men- bordering on criminal, however, not to mention some of tioned above, discussions with Gaylon Campbell, David the more prominent ones. The late Jim McCulloch and YoungandMarkRobinsonhavebeenfruitful.Asidefrom John Bell must take pride of place for taking the chance reviewingtheearlypartofthemanuscript,RichardCuenca onemployingmeoverother,nodoubtwell-qualified,aspir- alerted me to and kindly contributed a section on COS- ants for a job in the Soil Physics Section of the rapidly MOS. Long-suffering staff at Wiley, particularly Kelvin expanding Institute of Hydrology and for guiding me Matthews, Ian Francis and Delia Sandford, have been towards a satisfying career in the underground. Other immenselypatientovermyfrequentmissingofdeadlines. sometime colleagues at the Institute who both taught Noneofanyofthiswouldhavebeenpossiblewithout andhelpedmewellbeyondthecallofdutyinclude(inno the support and encouragement of my family, particu- particularorder)thelateSteveWellings,thelateSamBoyle, larlymywife,Sue,whoputupwithmyfrequentabsences Phil Holdsworth, Gareth Roberts, Richard Raynor, Paul working in various parts of the UK and abroad while Rosier, Cate Gardner, Alan Warwick, Ned Hewitt, Roger being left to bring up six children and who has had to Wyatt, the late Pete Andrews, Jim Wallace, Atul Haria, forego several years of my “retirement” while preparing AndyDixon,thelateBrianSmith,TonyDebney,thelate this book. IanCalder,JohnBromley,RagabRagab,LizMorris,Keith Toalloftheabove,myeverlastingthanks. Beven, Peter Germann, Jim Shuttleworth, the late John Stewart, Colin Lloyd, David Robinson, Brenda Burton, J.DavidCooper the late John Roberts, Jimmy Blackie, the late Tony Ewelme Edwards, Tom Dean, Dave McNeil, Dave Harris, Richard Oxfordshire Part I Introduction
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