Soil Pollution - An Emerging Threat to Agriculture PDF
Preview Soil Pollution - An Emerging Threat to Agriculture
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World Jayanta K. Saha · Rajendiran Selladurai M. Vassanda Coumar · M.L. Dotaniya Samaresh Kundu · Ashok K. Patra Soil Pollution - An Emerging Threat to Agriculture Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World Volume 10 Serieseditors EricLichtfouse,INRA,UMR1347Agroe´cologie,Dijon,France JanSchwarzbauer,RWTHAachenUniversity,Aachen,Germany Didier Robert, CNRS, European Laboratory for Catalysis and Surface Sciences, Saint-Avold,France OtherPublicationsbytheEditors Books ScientificWritingforImpactFactorJournals https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=42242 http://fr.slideshare.net/lichtfouse/scientific-writing-for-impact-factor-journals EnvironmentalChemistry http://www.springer.com/978-3-540-22860-8 OrganicContaminantsinRiverineandGroundwaterSystems http://www.springer.com/978-3-540-31169-0 SustainableAgriculture Volume1:http://www.springer.com/978-90-481-2665-1 Volume2:http://www.springer.com/978-94-007-0393-3 Bookseries EnvironmentalChemistryforaSustainableWorld http://www.springer.com/series/11480 SustainableAgricultureReviews http://www.springer.com/series/8380 Journals EnvironmentalChemistryLetters http://www.springer.com/10311 AgronomyforSustainableDevelopment http://www.springer.com/13593 PublierLaScience https://listes.inra.fr/sympa/d_read/veillecaps (inFrenchandEnglish) Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/11480 Jayanta K. Saha (cid:129) Rajendiran Selladurai M. Vassanda Coumar (cid:129) M.L. Dotaniya Samaresh Kundu (cid:129) Ashok K. Patra Soil Pollution - An Emerging Threat to Agriculture JayantaK.Saha RajendiranSelladurai DivisionofEnvironmentalSoilScience DivisionofEnvironmentalSoilScience IndianInstituteofSoilScience IndianInstituteofSoilScience Bhopal,MadhyaPradesh Bhopal,MadhyaPradesh India India M.VassandaCoumar M.L.Dotaniya DivisionofEnvironmentalSoilScience DivisionofEnvironmentalSoilScience IndianInstituteofSoilScience IndianInstituteofSoilScience Bhopal,MadhyaPradesh Bhopal,MadhyaPradesh India India SamareshKundu AshokK.Patra DivisionofEnvironmentalSoilScience IndianInstituteofSoilScience IndianInstituteofSoilScience Bhopal,MadhyaPradesh Bhopal,MadhyaPradesh India India ISSN2213-7114 ISSN2213-7122 (electronic) EnvironmentalChemistryforaSustainableWorld ISBN978-981-10-4273-7 ISBN978-981-10-4274-4 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-981-10-4274-4 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017934645 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Foreword Globally agriculture has been recognized as an engine of economic development and is an integral part of any agenda for addressing global issues of 21st century. Accordingtonumerousstudies,pollutioninagriculturalsoilshasbecomeagrow- ing concern in most of the developed and developing nations due to enhanced industrialization and urbanization. Intake of heavy metal via soil-crop system has beenconsideredasthepredominantpathwayofhumanexposuretoenvironmental heavy metals and organic pollutants in agricultural areas. The sources of heavy metalsandotherpollutantsintheenvironmentaremainlyderivedfromanthropo- genicsourcesthatincludemining,smelting,wastedisposal,urbaneffluent,vehicle exhaust,sewagesludge,andpesticideandfertilizerapplication.Soilsfulfillawide variety of environmental services as a foundation for biomass production, a filter and buffer for water, an archive of natural and human history, and an important store ofcarbon,andtheseecosystemserviceshavebecome coreissuesofmodern ecology. In India, agricultural soils may indeed be managed to enhance the pro- ductive capacity and to reduce the vulnerability to pollution at farm level but are oftentradedoffagainsthigherpriorityforshort-termfoodandwatersecurityunder the pressure of increasing production goal. The farm system is a complex social- ecological system wherein biophysical and socioeconomic concerns interact and sometimes counteract in complex ways. Finding solution to check soil pollution v vi Foreword requiresintegratedapproaches,andithastobeatthenationalscalewhereregula- tionsaredesignedandimplementedatthefarmlevel. IamsurethatthebookentitledSoilPollution:AnEmergingThreattoAgricul- ture, authored by a group of professional experts from Indian Institute of Soil Science, will serve as a useful reference material for researchers, developmental officials,policymakers,andothersengagedinsoilprotectionendeavors. Datedthe8thMarch,2017 NewDelhi (T.MOHAPATRA) Foreword Post-liberalizationIndiahasrecordedconsiderableindustrialgrowthaccountingfor morethan30%ofitsGDP.Thisimpressivegrowthis,however,accompaniedbyan increasing threat to its environment from emission, discharge and disposal of pollutants from industries, higher consumerism, etc. Rapid urbanization in the countryhasalsoposedaseriousthreattoitsenvironmentforunscientificdisposal of huge solid and liquid wastes to its precious water bodies and agricultural land. Soil is the principal recipient of such wastes generated from industrial and urban sectors either through direct discharge or through contaminated irrigation water. Several toxic metals and compounds generating out of the above anthropogenic activities are contaminating our precious natural resources which have evolved through millions of years of pedogenic processes and also threatening the very existence of different forms of life including human beings. Although India is blessed with vast area of fertile land, plenty of water resources and favourable climaticconditionsforhighagriculturalgrowth,theabovehappeningsareaffecting her natural capital at an alarming rate. The degradation of soil resources due to faulty land management practices has been highlighted for long, but the same for industrialandurbanactivitiesis,byandlarge,ignored.Wecannottakenonoticeon thisforthefactthat(i)thoughestimatedlandareaaffectedwithpollutionissmaller comparedtoothertypesofdegradation,itoccursinmorefertilelandnearcitiesand townsandalso(ii)reclamationofsuchlandisverycostly(evenwithlowsuccess) compared to the degraded land caused by faulty management practices. The pressure of increasing and sustaining agricultural productivity on every piece of landinordertofeedtheever-increasingpopulationisagainforcingustopayalmost noattentiontowardsthisvitalareaoflanddegradation.Tocombatitanddevelopan effective action plan for remediation of such area, we need to have first-hand informationonthestatusofsoilpollutioninthecountry. Although sporadic information generated from some parts of the country indi- catedthebuild-upofpollutantsinagriculturalland,asystemicandcomprehensive report on anthropogenic activities and the status of soil pollution is not available. vii viii Foreword IamextremelyhappythattheDivisionofEnvironmentalSoilScienceattheIndian InstituteofSoilSciencehascompiledbothprimaryandsecondaryinformationon thetopicandbroughtoutausefulpublicationentitled‘SoilPollution:AnEmerging Threat to Agriculture’ and congratulate its authors. I hope researchers and policy makers working on the subject will be highly benefitted from the contents of the publication. FormerViceChancellorandProfessor(SoilScience) BidhanChandraKrishiViswavidyalaya,India (L.N.Mandal) Kalyani,WestBengal,India Preface Due to the unique geographical location and climatological advantage, India is bestowedwithfertilelandcapableofproducingdiversifiedcropsandfoodforthe second largest population of the world. Soil has been revered by mankind in the IndiansubcontinentsinceancienttimesasevidencedintheAtharvaVeda(12-1-12) whichsolemnlydeclaredtheenduringfilialallegianceofhumanstoMotherEarth ‘माता भूिमः, पɾु ोऽहं पृिथɄयाः’. In tune to that, soil was cared for maintaining its productivity through soil and water conservation and application of organic manure. However, due to greed for growing more food, the need for sustainable use of land has been ignored during the post-Green Revolution period. This, in conjunctionwithincreaseddevelopmentalactivities(mining,infrastructure,indus- try, urbanization, etc.), has put considerable pressure on agricultural land causing itsdegradation. Sincethelastdecadeofthepreviouscentury, theneedforassess- ment of soil quality was being felt to address the issue of declining partial factor productivityofinputsduringgrowingofagriculturalcrops.Althoughconsiderable effortisbeingmadetoaddresstheissuesofsoilconservation,nutrientminingand soil organic matter maintenance through research, extension and modification of the fertilizer policy, the issue of declining soil quality due to entry of harmful contaminants is by and large ignored in spite of their accelerated generation and spreadintheenvironment.Thisisprobablybecausesoilisgenerallyviewedmainly as a medium of plant growth and is considered a domain ofagricultural scientists where enhancing food productivity from a fixed land area remains the major challenge. However, limited researches conducted by ICAR-Indian Institute of SoilSciencegaveenoughindicationthattheareaofsoilpollutionanditsremedi- ationneedstobeaddressedadequatelyinordertopreventpermanentdeterioration of soil quality in vulnerable areas. However, this cannot be done without sincere involvement of other stakeholders responsible for generation, monitoring and control of the contaminants. Also, this requires considerable awareness among different stakeholders like students, educationalists, environmentalists, industrial- ists,policymakersandfarmersontheimportanceofsoilqualitymaintenanceand itsprotectionfrompollutingactivitiessothatrightdirectioncanbefollowedduring ix
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