Soil engineering

234 Pages·2010·4.88 MB·English

by  Johan Arvidsson

Soil Biology
Volume 20
Series Editor
AjitVarma,AmityInstituteofMicrobialTechnology,
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP, India
Volumespublishedintheseries
Forfurthervolumes:http://www.springer.com/series/5138
SoilHeavyMetals(Vol.19)
I.Sherameti,A.Varma
SymbioticFungi(Vol.18)
A.Varma,A.C.Kharkwal
AdvancesinAppliedBioremediation(Vol.17)
A.Singh,R.C.Kuhad,O.P.Ward(Eds.)
PermafrostSoils(Vol.16)
R.Margesin(Ed.)
MolecularMechanismsofPlantandMicrobeCoexistence(Vol.15)
C.S.Nautiyal,P.Dion(Eds.)
SecondaryMetabolitesinSoilEcology(Vol.14)
P.Karlovsky(Ed.)
MicrobiologyofExtremeSoils(Vol.13)
P.Dion,C.S.Nautiyal(Eds.)
MicrobialSiderophores(Vol.12)
A.Varma,S.Chincholkar(Eds.)
AdvancedTechniquesinSoilMicrobiology(Vol.11)
A.Varma,R.Oelmu¨ller(Eds.)
NutrientCyclinginTerrestrialEcosystems(Vol.10)
P.Marschner,Z.Rengel(Eds.)
MicrobialRootEndophytes(Vol.9)
B.J.E.Schulz,C.J.C.Boyle,T.N.Sieber(Eds.)
NucleicAcidsandProteinsinSoil(Vol.8)
P.Nannipieri,K.Smalla(Eds.)
MicrobialActivityintheRhizosphere(Vol.7)
K.G.Mukerji,C.Manoharachary,J.Singh(Eds.)
IntestinalMicroorganismsofTermitesandOtherInvertebrates(Vol.6)
H.Ko¨nig,A.Varma(Eds.)
ManualforSoilAnalysis–MonitoringandAssessingSoilBioremediation(Vol.5)
R.Margesin,F.Schinner(Eds.)
InVitroCultureofMycorrhizas(Vol.4)
S.Declerck,D.-G.Strullu,J.A.Fortin(Eds.)
MicroorganismsinSoils:RolesinGenesisandFunctions(Vol.3)
F.Buscot,A.Varma(Eds.)
Athanasios P. Dedousis Thomas Bartzanas
l
Editors
Soil Engineering
Editors
Dr.AthanasiosP.Dedousis
Dr.ThomasBartzanas
CenterforResearch&Technology–Thessaly
InstituteofTechnologyandManagementofAgriculturalEco-Systems
TechnologyParkofThessaly
Volos38500
Greece
[email protected]
[email protected]
SoilBiologyISSN:1613-3382
ISBN978-3-642-03680-4 e-ISBN978-3-642-03681-1
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-03681-1
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009933109
#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2010
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Preface
Theagriculturalworldhaschangedsignificantly.Inrecentyearstherehasbeenan
increasing interest in securing the sustainability of soil by preventing it from
permanent irreversible damage. The excessive use of heavy machinery, waste
disposal, the use of agrochemicals and the unconventional use of soil cultivation
methodshasledtoaseriesofproblemsforcingengineerstofindsolutionsinthese
difficult areas, such as soil compaction, waste management, controlled traffic
farming, optimisation of tillage tools, mechanical weed control and the use of
roboticsinagriculture,inordertoreducesoildegradation.
This volume in the Soil Biology series on Soil Engineering is an attempt to
highlightsomeoftheaforementionedissuesthathavetobesolvedbyagricultural
engineersinordertoensurethesustainabilityofsoil.
Soilmovementresultsfromman’sattemptstochangeprevailingsoilconditions
into those that are more suitable, or to use soil for support and locomotion of
vehicles.Astheuseofagriculturalandforestrymachineryhasincreasedinrecent
years in order to increase productivity, due to the current economic situation,
soil–machine interactions have changed significantly in both tillage and traction.
Machineryisgettinglargerandheavierandthreatenssoilswithcompaction,affect-
ing air water and nutrient movement and resulting in reduced crop production.
Aselectionofpapersinthisbookgivesthestateoftheartinsoilcompaction.
Today the agricultural sector requires non-chemical weed control that ensures
foodsafetywithoutdegradationofsoilandwater.Consumersdemandhighquality
food products and pay special attention to food safety. Through the technical
development of mechanisms for physical weed control, it might be possible to
controlweedsinawaythatmeetsconsumerandenvironmentaldemands.
Waste management is a vital issue in modern agriculture as volumes of waste
continuetorise,leadingtoincreasedenvironmentalrisks.Applicationofwasteto
agricultural land constitutes a low-cost disposal option and can be of benefit to
thesoil.
Autonomousvehicleshavebeenwidelyusedinindustrialproductionandware-
houses,whereacontrolledenvironmentcanbeguaranteed.Inagriculture,research
intodriverlessvehicleshasalwaysbeenadream,butseriousresearchstartedinthe
v
vi Preface
early 1960s. Possible applications for the use of robotics in agriculture are
presentedhere,targetingsoilsustainabilityandcostreduction.
SoilEngineeringwillbeofgreatvaluetoengineersandresearchersworkingin
theagriculturalengineeringsection,andtopostgraduatestudents.
The editors would like to thank the authors for their cooperation, Dr. Jutta
Lindenborn from Springer for her great support during the preparation of the
book,andProfessorAjitVarma,EditoroftheSoilBiologyseries.
Volos,July2009 ThanosDedousisandThomasBartzanas
Contents
PartI SoilTillage
1 DraughtRequirementDuringTillage ...................................... 3
JohanArvidssonandThomasKeller
2 InfluenceofSoilTillageonSoilCompaction ............................. 19
BarboraBadal´ıkova´
3 VibratedTillageTools ...................................................... 31
La´szlo´ FenyvesiandZolta´nHudoba
4 SoilDisturbanceandSoilFragmentationDuringTillage ............... 51
ThomasKellerandJohanArvidsson
PartII SoilDynamicsTrafficandTraction
5 RoboticsandSustainabilityinSoilEngineering .......................... 69
S.Fountas,T.A.Gemtos,andS.Blackmore
6 SoilDensityIncreasesresultingfromAlternativeTire
andRubberTrackConfigurationsinLaboratoryandField
Conditions ................................................................... 81
DirkAnsorgeandRichardJohnGodwin
7 EffectsofHeavyAgriculturalMachinesforSugarBeet
HarvestingonPhysicalSoilProperties .................................... 91
RupertGeischeder,MarkusDemmel,andRobertBrandhuber
8 ControlledTrafficFarming .............................................. 101
G.D.Vermeulen,J.N.Tullberg,andW.C.T.Chamen
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viii Contents
9 SubsoilCompaction-Cause,Impact,Detection,
andPrevention ........................................................... 121
GunnerHalferandKarlHeinrichHartge
10 TestingofSoilTillageMachinery ...................................... 147
DanielePochiandRobertoFanigliulo
PartIII SoilManagementandMechanicalWeedControl
11 MechanicalWeedControl .............................................. 171
HansW.GriepentrogandAthanasiosP.Dedousis
12 CharacterisationofSoilVariabilitywithDepthUsingVis–NIR
SpectraandChemometricTools ....................................... 181
A.M.Mouazen,R.Karoui,J.DeBaerdemaeker,andH.Ramon
13 ConsiderationsforRecyclingofCompostandBiosolids
inAgriculturalSoil ...................................................... 195
MariaI.Kokkora,DiogenesL.Antille,andSeanF.Tyrrel
Index ........................................................................... 217
Contributors
Dirk Ansorge CLAAS Selbstfahrende Erntemaschinen GmbH, Mu¨nsterstr. 33,
33428Harsewinkel,Germany,[email protected]
Diogenes L. Antille School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Bedford-
shire,MK430AL,UK
Johan Arvidsson Department of Soil & Environment, SLU, P.O. Box 7014,
SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden, [email protected]
Barbora Badal´ıkova´ Research Institute for Fodder Crops, Ltd., Zahradn´ı 1, 664
41Troubsko,CzechRepublic,[email protected]
S. Blackmore Center for Research and Technology, Thessaly (CERETETH), 1st
Industrialzone,38500Volos,Greece
W.C.T.Chamen CTFEuropeLtd,Bedfordshire,UK
DeBaerdemaeker,J DivisionofMechatronics,BiostatisticsandSensors,Faculty
ofBioscienceEngineering,KasteelparkArenberg30,B-3001Heverlee,Belgium
Athanasios P. Dedousis Centre for Research and Technology, Institute of
Technology and Management of Agricultural Eco-Systems, Thessaly, Greece,
[email protected]
RobertoFanigliulo CRA-INGAgriculturalResearchCouncil,AgriculturalEngi-
neeringResearchUnitViadellaPascolare16,00016Monterotondo(Rome),Italy,
[email protected]
La´szlo´ Fenyvesi Hungarian Institute of Agricultural Engineering, H-2100
Go¨do¨llo˝,Tessedikstr.4,Hungary,[email protected]
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