Soil Dynamics and Foundation Modeling: Offshore and Earthquake Engineering PDF
Preview Soil Dynamics and Foundation Modeling: Offshore and Earthquake Engineering
Junbo Jia Soil Dynamics and Foundation Modeling Offshore and Earthquake Engineering Soil Dynamics and Foundation Modeling Junbo Jia Soil Dynamics and Foundation Modeling Offshore and Earthquake Engineering 123 JunboJia Aker Solutions Bergen Norway ISBN978-3-319-40357-1 ISBN978-3-319-40358-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40358-8 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017956333 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland To my beloved Danning and Jing, who make life a gift. Preface Offshore and land-based structures represent large capital investments. They are designed to withstand various types of environmental loads such as earthquakes, winds, ocean waves, tidal currents, and ice, and other loads due to explosions, machineryvibrations,droppedobjects,andotherfactors.Manyofthemessentially induce dynamic and cyclic loading transferred into foundations. Therefore, understanding soil dynamics and foundation modeling is essential to ensure foun- dation and structural integrity and operational functionality. However, in spite of increased engineering knowledge, practical problems regarding foundation mod- eling and soil dynamics are in many cases handled unsuccessfully despite large expenditures. Moreover, even if engineers can perform sophisticated computer-based analysis tasks, many of them lack an actual understanding of the essential principles of soil dynamics and foundation modeling, and hence of the links between theory and applications. This leads to an insurmountable barrier when they are asked to validate/verify and provide insightful explanations of analysis results, or to further improve designs, which poses a significant safety hazard and can also result in significant economic loss. Withtheobjectiveofprovidingpracticalknowledgeoffoundationmodelingand dynamic analysis, which is essential for both offshore and earthquake engineering, the book covers a wide range topics in this area, such as soil behavior, soil dynamics, seismic site-response analysis, soil–structure interactions, liquefactions, andmodelingandassessmentofshallowanddeepfoundations,consideringvarious levels of detail and associated engineering challenges. Differences in soil and foundation modeling and response due to earthquake and ocean wave loading are alsodiscussed.Tofacilitatetheunderstandingandutilizationofknowledgeforeach topic, general theory and principles are linked to their engineering applications. Moreover, recent developments in offshore foundation engineering such as anchor piles, suction piles, large-diameter piles, soil aging effects, and scours are also discussed. Special focus is placed on their engineering applications utilizing state-of-the-art knowledge. vii viii Preface Althoughoffshoregeotechnicalprinciplesareverysimilartothoseofland-based structures, for offshore geotechnical engineering applications, soil conditions are oftenmoredifficulttomeasureandhavelargeruncertainties,siteinvestigationsare moreexpensive,andstructuralloadsareusuallymoresignificant.Further,thefocus of offshore geotechnical design is often placed on capacity control, while founda- tion stiffness remains important for the dynamic response of soil–foundation– structure systems. Chapter 1 presents the basics of soil mechanics and behaviors, methods for testing soil strength, and their implications in geotechnical designs. Chapter 2 introduces the characteristics and modeling of soil properties under cyclic and dynamic loading, focused on treating soil nonlinearities. Chapters 3 and 4 present detailsofsite-responseanalysiswithafocusonhowtheresponseamplificationand de-amplification of soil media are accounted for, and how to apply seismic exci- tations in a site-response analysis. Chapter 5 describes soil–structure interactions and analysis, which estimate the collective response of the entire soil–foundation– structuresystemtospecifiedgroundmotionsbyaccountingforeffectsofkinematic interaction (normally by site-response analysis), soil–foundation flexibility (foun- dation impedance), and inertia interaction (seismic structural analysis) and which canbeperformedbyeitherdirectorsubstructureapproaches.Chapter6introduces various seismic testing methods including field testing, laboratory element testing, and model testing. Chapter 7 presents the causes and evaluation of soil liquefac- tions, followedby presentations ofslope stabilitydue toseismicloadingpresented in Chap. 8. Chapter 9 provides a general overview of offshore structures and their commonanddistinguishingfeaturescomparedtothoseofland-basedstructuresand also presents the hydrodynamic modeling to determine the ocean environmental loading in a seismic analysis. Chapters 10 and 11 present the theoretical back- ground of seismic response spectrum and power spectrum and how earthquake loading is determined from a seismic hazard point of view. Chapters 12 and 13 present the bearing capacity assessment and modeling for shallow foundations. Chapters 14–26 discuss various aspects of pile foundations, such as pile capacity assessment, pile–soil interactions, large-diameter piles, pile group, grout connec- tions, torsional behaviorsof piles, scour, seismicassessmentof piles, anchor piles, and suction piles. In Chap. 27, design issues for shallow and deep foundations, relevantinternationaldesigncodes,andhierarchyofcodesandstandardsarebriefly discussed. The book is intended to serve as an introduction to the subject and also as a reference book with advanced topics. A balance between the theoretical and practical aspects is sought. All the chapters are addressed to practitioners who are looking for answers to their daily engineering problems, and to students and researcherswhoarelookingforlinksbetweentheoreticalandpracticalaspects,and between phenomena and analytical explanations. It should also be of use to other science and engineering professionals and students with an interest in this subject. Thebookiswritteninsuchawaythatitcanbefollowedbyanyonewithabasic knowledge of engineering dynamics and soil mechanics. Preface ix While the book does not seek to promote any specific “school of thought,” it inevitably reflects this author’s “best practice” and “working habits.” This is par- ticularly apparent in the topics selected and the level of detail devoted to each of them, their sequences, the choices of mathematical treatments and symbolic notations,etc.Theauthorhopesthatthisdoesnotdeterreadersfromseekingtofind their own “best practice.” Mostofthechaptersinthisbookcanbecoveredinatwo-dayindustrycoursein a brief manner, a one-week intensive course for either industry or academia, or a one-semester course in an elaborated form for graduate students. Inpreparingsuchatext,itisratherdifficulttoacknowledgeallthehelpgivento the author. First, I am indebted to geotechnical, earthquake, and offshore engi- neeringcommunitieswhohaveundertakentheextensiveresearchanddevelopment that has led to accumulated knowledge, methods, and engineering applications in this field, on which this book is based. I would also like to thank individuals for assistance of various kinds, such as participation in book reviews, technical dis- cussions, and research cooperation. These include (in alphabetical order) the fol- lowing: Atilla Ansal (European Association for Earthquake Engineering), Kuvvet Atakan (University of Bergen), Gunnar Bremer (Aker Solutions), Ove Tobias Gudmestad (University of Stavanger), Yingcai Han (Fluor Canada), Nils-Christian Hellevig (Aker Solutions), Viggo Karlsen (Statoil), Amir M. Kaynia (Norwegian GeotechnicalInstitute),StevenL.Kramer(UniversityofWashington),BMLehane (The University of Western Australia), Conrad Lindholm (NORSAR), Lance Manuel (University of Texas at Austin), Peter Middendorp (Allnamics Geotechnical & Pile Testing Experts), George Mylonakis (University of Bristol), Laurens de Neef (CAPE Holland), Giuliano F. Panza (University of Trieste and China Earthquake Administration), John Michael Rotter (University of Edinburgh and Imperial College), Richard Snell (Oxford University), Douglas Stock (Digital Structures, Inc. Berkeley), Gary Torosian (GeoTesting Express, Inc.), and RJS Whitehouse (HR Wallingford). Furthermore, I would like to thank Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Statoil, DongEnergy, BP, and DNV-GL for their coopera- tion on relevant engineering projects. Moreover, there are numerous others not named to whom I extend my sincere thanks. This book has an extensive list of references reflecting both the historical and recent developments of the subject. I would like to thank all the authors in the references for their contribution to the area. Mostimportantly,IdedicatethisbooktomyparentsShufengandWangeng,my wifeJing,anddaughterDanning;Iconcludethisprefacewithanexpressionofdeep gratitude to them. Bergen, Norway Junbo Jia About this Book This book presents a comprehensive topical overview of soil dynamics and foun- dation modeling in offshore and earthquake engineering. The spectrum of topics covered includes, but is not limited to, soil behavior, offshore and land-based structures,soildynamics,seismictesting,site-responseanalysis,representationand determination of seismic ground motions, seismic hazard assessment, soil lique- factions, slope stability, offshore environmental loads, earthquake loads, modeling and assessmentof shallow and deep foundations, soil–foundation interactions, and relevant design codes and recommended practices, design methods. The author provides the reader with both theory and practical applications and links the methodological approaches with engineering applications. The book also contains recent developments in offshore foundation engineering such as large-diameter piles,anchorpiles,suctionpiles,soilagingeffects,andscourestimation.Thetarget audience primarily comprises research experts and practitioners in the field of offshore, geotechnical, and earthquake engineering, but the book is also beneficial for graduate students. xi Contents Part I Soil Behavior and Dynamics 1 Soil Behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Soil Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Saturation, Water Table, Drainage, and Capillary Effect . . . . . 5 1.3.1 Saturation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3.2 Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3.3 Water Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3.4 Capillary Effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.4 Effective Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.5 Mohr’s Circle for Describing Stress Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.6 Soil Failure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.6.1 Shear Failure for Cohesionless Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.6.2 Shear Failure for Cohesive Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.7 Total Stress Analysis Versus Effective Stress Analysis . . . . . . 21 1.8 Clay Soil Consistency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.9 Testing Methods to Measure Shear Strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1.9.1 Laboratory and Field Test Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1.9.2 Direct Shear Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1.9.3 Triaxial Shear Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.9.4 Vane Shear Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1.9.5 Standard Penetration Test (SPT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 1.9.6 Cone Penetration Test (CPT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 1.9.7 Other in Situ Testing Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 1.10 Soil Stiffness and Poisson’s Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 1.11 Consolidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 1.11.1 Introduction to Consolidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 1.11.2 Effects of Consolidation on Soil Stiffness. . . . . . . . . 47 1.11.3 Effects of Consolidation for Shallow Foundations. . . 48 xiii
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