soil contamination mapping for an abandoned coal mine site by using worldview 2 and aster ...

199 Pages·2013·10.02 MB·English

SOIL CONTAMINATION MAPPING FOR AN ABANDONED COAL MINE SITE BY
USING WORLDVIEW 2 AND ASTER IMAGERY

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO
THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF APPLIED AND NATURAL SCIENCES
OF
MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

BY

HİLAL SOYDAN

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR
THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE OF PHILOSOPHY
IN
MINING ENGINEERING

AUGUST 2013
iv
Approval of the thesis:

SOIL CONTAMINATION MAPPING FOR AN ABANDONED COAL MINE SITE
BY USING WORLDVIEW 2 AND ASTER IMAGERY

submitted by HİLAL SOYDAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science of Philosophy in Mining Engineering Department, Middle East
Technical University by,

Prof. Dr. Canan Özgen _____________________
Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences

Prof. Dr. Ali İhsan Arol _____________________
Head of Department, Mining Engineering

Prof. Dr. H. Şebnem Düzgün
Supervisor, Mining Engineering Dept., METU _____________________

Examining Committee Members:

Prof. Dr. Bahtiyar Ünver _____________________
Mining Engineering Dept., Hacettepe Uni.

Prof. Dr. H. Şebnem Düzgün _____________________
Mining Engineering Dept., METU

Prof. Dr. Ali İhsan Arol _____________________
Mining Engineering Dept., METU

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nuray Demirel _____________________
Mining Engineering Dept., METU

Dr. İ. Hakkı Güçdemir _____________________
Department of Soil and Water Resources Research,
Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock

Date: ______

v
I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and
presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that,
as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material
and results that are not original to this work.

Name, Last Name: Hilal SOYDAN

Signature :

iv
ABSTRACT

SOIL CONTAMINATION MAPPING FOR AN ABANDONED COAL MINE SITE BY
USING WORLDVIEW 2 AND ASTER IMAGERY

Soydan, Hilal
M.Sc., Department of Mining Engineering
Supervisor: Prof. Dr. H. Şebnem Düzgün

August 2013, 183 pages

Being an indispensable economic and energy source, coal mining may be the cause of long
term environmental damages like serious water and soil contamination due to inappropriate
mining operations. In order to detect and avoid it, mapping the contamination levels related
to mining industry has been a challenge for soil scientists to find the most appropriate and
time and cost effective method for constructing soil contamination maps. So far, Remote
Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have been utilized as auxiliary
data for producing more accurate Digital Soil Maps (DSM), especially by methods based
on supervised classification techniques. In this study, Worldview 2 stereo imagery and
ASTER imagery of an abandoned mining area were utilized for data analyses by forming
statistical relationships between reflectance spectra of both imageries, and results of
chemical analyses of soil. Similar statistical relationships are examined between the
laboratory reflectance spectra and the chemical properties of the soil samples from study
area. After employing necessary pre-processing techniques, Worldview 2 and ASTER data
spectra were utilized for Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis. Furthermore, after the
fieldwork, ASD Inc. Agrispec spectrometer measurements were performed in order to
collect laboratory spectra of soil samples as an input of spectral library of the area and the
acquired spectra data were used as the input for Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR)
analyses for demonstrating the relationship between the constituents of soil and laboratory
spectra. The PLSR coefficients were plotted for identifying important wavelengths related
to the properties and a comparison between PLSR and MLR analysis results was performed
to see the consistency and differences of predictive wavelengths for each soil property. The
comparison showed that the results were internally consistent as well as with the published
results in the literature to predict specified soil properties. In addition, MLR equations
defining the soil properties were applied to the bareland areas of the study area to produce
contamination maps whose accuracy assessments were implemented with an independent
data set. ASTER, whose bands up to shortwave infrared region were utilized, ended up
providing higher accuracies than Worldview-2 for producing soil contamination maps.
Keywords: Abandoned Coal Mines, Digital Soil Mapping, Soil Contamination, Aster,
Worldview 2

v
ÖZ

WORLDVIEW 2 VE ASTER GÖRÜNTÜLERİ KULLANILARAK TERKEDİLMİŞ BİR
KÖMÜR MADEN SAHASININ TOPRAK KİRLİLİK HARİTALARININ
OLUŞTURULMASI

Soydan, Hilal
Yüksek Lisans, Maden Mühendisliği Bölümü
Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. H. Şebnem Düzgün

Ağustos 2013, 183 sayfa

Kömür madenciliği vazgeçilmesi güç bir ekonomik kaynak olarak özellikle enerji üretimi
açısından önemini korumakta, ancak düzgün uygulanmayan madencilik aktiviteleri su ve
toprak kirliliği gibi çevresel problemlere ve uzun süreli zararlara sebep olmaktadır. Bu
kirliliğin tespiti ve engellenmesi için zaman ve maliyet açısından etkin yöntemlerle toprak
kirlilik seviyelerinin haritalanması toprak bilimciler için önemli bir çalışma alanı olmuştur.
Şu ana kadar Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) ve Uzaktan Algılama (UA) metotları
yardımıyla denetimli sınıflandırma kullanarak doğruluğu yükseltilmiş dijital toprak
haritaları üretimi ile ilgi birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada ise, CBS ve UA
yöntemleri kapsamında, ASTER ve Worldview 2 uydu görüntülerinin yansıma değerleri ve
üzerinde çalışılan terk edilmiş maden alanından toplanmış toprak numunelerinin laboratuar
yansıma değerleri ile kimyasal analiz sonuçları arasında istatistiksel ilişkiler kurulmuştur.
Gerekli veri ön-işleme teknikleri uygulandıktan sonra, Worldview 2 ve ASTER
görüntülerinden alınan yansıma profilleri çoklu lineer regresyon analizlerine tabi
tutulmuştur. Araziden alınan toprak numunelerinin laboratuar spektraları ASD Inc.
Agrispec spektrometresi ile toplanarak arazinin spektral kütüphanesine eklenmiş ve bu
spektral veri, kısmi en küçük kareler regresyon analizi için girdi olarak kullanılarak, toprak
bileşenlerinin laboratuar spektrası ile ilişkisi değerlendirilmiştir. Buna ek olarak, kısmi en
küçük kareler regresyon katsayı grafikleri çizilerek, toprak bileşenlerinin tahmini için
önemli dalga boyları belirlenmiş ve toprak özelliklerini tahmin eden bu dalga boylarının
birbiriyle ve literatürdeki sonuçlarla uygunluğunu görmek amacıyla, en küçük kareler
regresyon analizi sonuçları ve çoklu lineer regresyon sonuçları birbiriyle karşılaştırılmıştır.
Yapılan karşılaştırmalarda sonuçların birbiriyle olduğu kadar literatürle de uyumlu olduğu
görülmüştür. Bu işlemden sonra, çoklu lineer regresyon denklemleri, çalışma alanı
içerisindeki boş arazilere uygulanarak, doğruluğu bağımsız bir veri seti ile değerlendirilen
toprak kirliliği haritaları oluşturulmuştur. Ayrıca, kısa dalga kızıl ötesine (SWIR) kadar
olan bantları kullanılan Aster uydu görüntüsünün toprak kirliliği haritaları tahmininde daha
iyi sonuçlar verdiği saptanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Terk edilmiş Kömür Madenleri, Dijital Toprak Haritalama, Toprak
Kirliliği, Aster, Worldview 2

vi
To my family

vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. H.
Şebnem Düzgün for her guidance, advice, criticism, encouragements and patience
throughout the research. I also offer my special thanks to the examining committee
members for serving on the master thesis committee and their valuable contributions and
comments.

I would like to thank to my friends and colleagues Esra Nur Tanrıseven, Mustafa Çırak,
Ahnet Güneş Yardımcı, Özlem Erdaş and Onur Gölbaşı for their precious supports and
encouragements.

I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to my surgeon Dr. Ömer Erçetin. This
study would not exist if he didn‘t accept to operate on me. I cannot thank him enough for
being there.

I also want to thank to my dear Murat not only for his support and patience for this study
but also for standing beside me throughout all the staff I have gone through.

Finally, I feel grateful to my mother Emel Soydan, my father Ahmet Yahya Soydan and my
sister Gülay Menekşe Soydan for their endless support, unconditional love and
encouragement.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. v
ÖZ ............................................................................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................... viii
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... x
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... xvi
CHAPTERS
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1
2. LITERATURE SURVEY ....................................................................................................... 7
2.1 Hyperspectral Analysis of Soil .......................................................................................... 7
2.2 Soil Mapping Using Remote Sensing .............................................................................. 12
2.2.1 Image Processing Analysis ...................................................................................... 16
2.2.2 Spectroscopic Analysis ............................................................................................ 19
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................... 25
4. IMPLEMENTATION OF METHODOLOGY: CASE STUDY .......................................... 29
4.1 General Information about the Study Area ...................................................................... 29
4.2 Environmental Problems Related to Study Area ............................................................. 30
4.3 Data Collection ................................................................................................................ 33
4.3.1 Soil Sample Collection ............................................................................................ 36
4.4 Image Processing Analysis .............................................................................................. 37
4.4.1 Digital Elevation Model Generation ........................................................................ 37
4.4.2 Orthorectification of Worldview 2 Imagery ............................................................ 41
4.4.3 Preprocessing of ASTER Data ................................................................................. 43
4.4.4 Radiance Calibration of ASTER and Worldview 2 Imageries ................................ 45
4.4.5 Support Vector Machine (SVM) Classification ....................................................... 45
4.5 Spectroscopic Analysis .................................................................................................... 48
4.5.1 Multiple Linear Regression ...................................................................................... 49
4.5.2 Partial Least Square Regression Analysis ................................................................ 69
5. RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION ....................................................................................... 101
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................. 117
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 119
APPENDICES
A. SPECTRAL PROFILES ............................................................................................. 131
B. RESIDUAL PLOTS ................................................................................................... 149
C. ACCURACY ASSESSMENT TABLES .................................................................... 155
D. PREDICTED MAPS ................................................................................................... 168

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLES

Table 1.1 Environmental impacts and monitoring levels of mining activities (Düzgün and
Demirel, 2011) ....................................................................................................................... 1
Table 2.1 Analysis models to evaluate spectroscopic data (Schwartz et al., 2011) ............. 15
Table 2.2 Conversion coefficients (W / .sr. μm) (Group 4, 2013) .................................. 19
Table 4.1 Data utilized in study ............................................................................................ 33
Table 4.2 Properties of utilized satellite imagery ................................................................. 35
Table 4.3 Flow diagram of digital elevation model generation ............................................ 38
Table 4.4 GCPs used for DEM generation ........................................................................... 39
Table 4.5 Multispectral Wv-2 orthorectification GCPs ....................................................... 42
Table 4.6 Panchromatic Wv-2 orthorectification GCPs ....................................................... 43
Table 4.7 ASTER co-registration GCPs ............................................................................... 44
Table 4.8 Ground truth (pixels) for Wv-2 imagery .............................................................. 46
Table 4.9 Ground truth (percent) for Wv-2 imagery ............................................................ 46
Table 4.10 Ground truth (pixels) for ASTER imagery ......................................................... 47
Table 4.11 Ground truth (percent) for ASTER imagery ...................................................... 47
Table 4.12 Descriptive statistics of soil chemical analysis results ...................................... 48
Table 4.13 Correlation coefficients of soil chemical analysis results .................................. 49
Table 4.14 Multiple linear regression model of moisture (ASTER) .................................... 50
Table 4.15 Analysis of variance of moisture model (ASTER) ............................................ 50
Table 4.16 Multiple linear regression model of CEC (ASTER) .......................................... 51
Table 4.17 Analysis of variance of CEC model (ASTER) ................................................... 51
Table 4.18 Multiple linear regression model of calcium (ASTER) ..................................... 51
Table 4.19Analysis of variance of calcium model (ASTER) ............................................... 52
Table 4.20 Multiple linear regression model of clay (ASTER) ........................................... 52
Table 4.21 Analysis of variance of clay model (ASTER) .................................................... 52
Table 4.22 Multiple linear regression model of sand (ASTER) ........................................... 53
Table 4.23 Analysis of variance of sand model (ASTER) ................................................... 53
Table 4.24 Multiple linear regression model of copper (ASTER) ....................................... 54
Table 4.25 Analysis of variance of copper model (ASTER) ................................................ 54
Table 4.26 Multiple linear regression model of iron (ASTER) ............................................ 54
Table 4.27 Analysis of variance of iron model (ASTER) .................................................... 54
Table 4.28 Multiple linear regression model of potassium (ASTER) .................................. 55
Table 4.29 Analysis of variance of potassium model (ASTER) .......................................... 55
Table 4.30 Multiple linear regression model of nickel (ASTER) ........................................ 55
Table 4.31 Analysis of variance of nickel model (ASTER) ................................................. 56
Table 4.32 Multiple linear regression model of sulphur (ASTER) ...................................... 56
Table 4.33 Analysis of variance of sulphur model (ASTER) .............................................. 56

x