Soil Components: Vol. 2: Inorganic Components

682 Pages·1975·27.564 MB·English

by  R. C. Mackenzie (auth.), John E. Gieseking (eds.)

Soi! Components
Volume 2
Inorganic Components
Soil Components
Volume2
Inorganic Components
Edited by
John E. Gieseking
Springer-Verlag Berlin . Heide1berg . New York
1975
John E. Gieseking
Professor of Soil Chemistry
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Gieseking, John Eldon, 1905-
Soil components.
CONTENTS: v. 1. Organic eomponents.-v. 2. Inorganie eomponents.
1. Soils-Composition. I. Title.
S592.5.G53 631.4'1. 73-14742
All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be translated or reprodueed in
any form without written permission from Springer-VerIag.
© 1975 by Springer-VerIag New York Inc.
Softeover reprint of the hardeover 1st edition 1975
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-65919-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-65917-1
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-65917-1
Preface
The major components of most soils are inorganic. These constituents are derived from
the weathering of rocks and minerals or from subsequent reaetions and interactions of the
weathering products. During the weathering and interactions of weathering products, in
organic soil colloids are formed.
Large amounts of inorganic colloids are essential in soils if they are to support luxurious
plant growth. The colloids adsorb water and nutrient element s that might be lost from the soil
&ystem and they release these as plants need them. They also adsorb and buffer the soil
system against large excesses of soluble toxic substances that might otherwise exist as free
moieties in soils.
Soil and plant root interactions occur across two interfaces. One is the interface between
plant roots and the liquid phase and the other is the interface between the soil particles and
the liquid phase.
Reaetions across the interface between colloid crystals and the soilliquid phase may also
suppress the availability of nutrient elements to plants. The effectiveness of these interfaciaI
reaetions in supporting optimum plant growth ultimately depends on the arrangements of
ions in the surfaces and subsurfaces of the mineraI crystals. For this reason much of this
volume is devoted to the arrangement of ions in crystalline mineraI particles commonly
occuring in soils and the properties that these particles contribute to soiI systems.
The authors of chapters in this volume are widely known for their extensive research
on problem s related to their chapters. Their contributions are scholarly evaluations of the
results that have been obtained in the areas covered by their topics.
The editor wishes to express his appreciation for the many reference material s provided
by the library of the University of Illinois. Re also wishes to express his appreciation to his
wife, Flossie Y. Gieseking, for her help with every operation during the production of this
volume.
JOHN E. GIESEKING
v
Contributors
Bailey, S. W., Professor, Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin
Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
Cailtere, S., Professor, Museum National d'Ristoire Naturelle, Laboratoire de Mineralogie,
Paris, France.
c.,
Claridge, G. G. Soil Bureau, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lower
Rutt, New Zealand.
Farmer, V. C., Department of Spectrochemistry, The Macaulay Institute for Soil Research,
Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, ScotIand.
Fieldes, The late M., Formerly Read, Soil Bureau, Department of Scientific and Industrial
Research, Lower Rutt, New Zealand.
Hay, W. W., Professor, Geology, School of Marine and Life Sciences, University of Miami,
Miami, Florida.
Henin, S., Director of Research, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, C.N.R.A.,
Versailles, France.
Janes, Robert L., Associate Professor, Soil Mineralogy and Ecology, University of Illinois,
Urbana-Champaign, Illinois.
MacEwan, D. M. C., F.R.S.E., Wellington Place, Peterhead, Aberdeenshire, ScotIand.
Mackenzie, R. C., F.R.S.E., Read, Department of Pedology, The Macaulay Institute for Soil
Research, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, ScotIand.
Mering, The late J., Formerly Director, Centre de Recherches sur les Solides a Organisation
CristaBine Imparfaite, C.N.R.S., Orleans Cedex, France.
Mitchell, B. D., Department of Pedology, The Macaulay Institute for Soil Research,
Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, ScotIand.
Mitchell, The late W. A., Department of Pedology, The Macaulay Institute for Soil Research,
Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, ScotIand.
Olphen, H. van, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington,
D.e., U.S.A.
vii
viii Contributors
Palmieri, F., Instituto di Chimica Agraria della Universita degli Studi di Napoli, Portici, Italy.
w.,
Radoslovich, E. Division of Soils, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organization, Glen Osmond, South Australia.
Reichenbach, H. Graf von, Professor, Institut für Bodenkunde der Technischen Universität
Hannover, Germany.
Rich, C. 1., Professor, Agronomy Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University, Blacksburg, Virginia.
Ruiz Arni!, A., Investigador Cientifico, Instituto de Quimica Inorganica "Elhuyar", C.S.LC.
Facultad de Ciencias, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain.
Swindale, L. D., Associate Director, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, and Professor
of Soil Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Walker, The late G. F., Chemical Research Laboratories, Commonwealth Scientific and
Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Contents
Preface v
Chapter The Classification of Soil Silicates and Oxides
By R. C. Mackenzie
Chapter 2 Micas in Macroscopic F orms 27
By E. W. Radoslovich
Chapter 3 Fine-grained Micas in Soils 59
By H. Graf von Reichenbach and C. J. Rich
Chapter 4 Smectites 97
By J. Mering
Chapter 5 The Crystallography of Minerals of the Kaolin Group 121
By L. D. Swindale
Chapter 6 Vermiculites 155
By G. F. Walker
Chapter 7 Chlorites 191
By S. W. Bai/ey
Chapter 8 Interstratified Clay Minerals 265
By D. M. C. MacEwan and A. Ruiz Arni!
Chapter 9 Fibrous Minerals 335
By S. Henin and S. Caillere
Chapter 10 Allophane 351
By M. Fieldes and G. G. C. Claridge
Chapter Il Oxides and Hydrous Oxides of Silicon 395
By B. D. Mitchell
Chapter 12 Feldspar Minerals 433
By E. W. Radoslovich
Chapter 13 Heavy Minerals 449
By W. A. Mitchell
ix
x Contents
Chapter 14 Bioliths 481
By Robert L. Jones and W. W. Hay
Chapter 15 Water in Soils 497
By H. van Olphen
Chapter 16 The Therrnal Characteristics of Soil Minerals and the Use of These
Characteristics in the Qualitative and Quantitative Deterrnination of
Clay Minerals in Soils 529
By R. C. Mackenzie and S. Caillere
Chapter 17 The Characterization of Soil Minerals by Infrared Spectroscopy 573
By V. C. Farmer and F. Palmieri
Index 671
Soi! Components
Volume 2
Inorganic Components
Chapter 1
The Classification of Soil Silicates and Oxides
R. C. Mackenzie
Contents
page
A. Introduction 1
B. Historieal developments 2
C. Crystalline silicates 5
I. Nesosilicates 5
II. Sorosilicates 6
III. Cyclosilicates 6
IV. Inosilicates 7
V. Phyllosilicates 8
VI. Tectosilicates 14
D. Crystalline oxides and hydroxides 15
E. Amorphous silicates and oxides 20
References 21
A. Introdnction
Soils may be developed on either sedentary or transported materjals, but irrespective of
which ofthese is involved, all soils may be traced back to parent rocks. Hence all rock-forming
minerals can occur in soils, in addition to minerals formed as aresult of pedogenic processes.
Division of the minerals in soils into primary (Le., inherited) and secondary minerals is
by no means as easyas it might appear, since secondary minerals from a geological aspect may
well be regarded as primary on a pedological basis-and sedimentary rocks introduce even
greater complications. Fortunately, however, such adivision is largely irrelevant for the present
purpose, since the principles of classification should apply to all minerals irrespective of their
origin.
Despite the enormous range of minerals that may occur in soil, those predominating are,
except under peculiar circumstances, silicates and oxides, and it is with these we are presently
coneemed.
© 1975 by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
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