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Soil Colloids and Their Associations in Aggregates NA TO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination 9f advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics New York and London C Mathematical Kluwer Academic Publishers and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston, and London o Behavioral and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, H Cell Biology Paris, and Tokyo Recent Volumes In this Selles Volume 20B-Measures of Complexity and Chaos edited by Neal B. Abraham, Alfonso M. Albano, Anthony Passamante, and Paul E. 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Hayes The University of Birmingham Birmingham, England and Adrien Herbillon Centre de Pedologie Biologique, CNRS Vandoeuvre-Ies-Nancy, France Technical Editors Eric B. A. De Strooper State University of Ghent Ghent, Belgium and Jonathan J. Tuck The University of Birmmgham Birmingham, England Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Based on the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Soil Colloids and Their Associations in Aggregates, held September 1-7, 1984, in Ghent, Belgium ISBN 978-1-4899-2613-5 ISBN 978-1-4899-2611-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-2611-1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Soil Colloids and Their Associations in Aggregates (1984 : Ghent, Belgium) Soil colloids and their associations in aggregates / edited by Marcel F. De Boodt, Michael H.B. Hayes, and Adrien Herbillon ; technical editors, Eric B.A. De Strooper and Jonathan J. Tuck. p. cm. — (NATO ASI series. Series B, Physics ; v. 215) "Based on the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Soil Colloids and Their Associations in Aggregates, held September 1-7, 1984, in Ghent, Belgium"—T.p. verso. "Published in cooperation with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division. " Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4899-2613-5 1. Soil mechanics—Congresses. 2. Soil colloids—Congresses. 3. Soil structure—Congresses. I. Boodt, M. de. II. Hayes, M. H. B. (Michael Hilary Bermingham), 1930- . III. Herbillon, Adrien. IV. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. V. Title. VI. Series. TA710.A1N365 1984 621. V 5136—dc20 89-71019 CIP ©1990 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1990 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Contributors J.M. BREMNER Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, U.S.A. G. BROWN Department of Soils and Plant Nutrition, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. AL5 2JQ, England R.G. BURNS Biological Laboratory, University of Kent, Canterbury, cn Kent 7NJ, England C.C. CHEN Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2474, U.S.A. M. V. CHESHIRE Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB92QJ, Scotland M.F. DE BOODT Department of Soil Physics, State University of Ghent, Faculty of Agriculture, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium J.B. DIXON Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2474, U.S.A. W.W. EMERSON CSIRO, Division of Soils, Glen Osmond, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia V.C. FARMER Department of Spectrochemistry, The Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB9 2QJ, Scotland D. GABRIELS National Fund for Scientific Research, Brussels, and Department of Soil Physics, State University of Ghent, Faculty of Agriculture, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium D.A. GENRICH Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, U.S.A. D.C. CJoLDEN Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2474, U.S.A. v vi Contributors B.A. GOODMAN Analytical Division, Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB92QJ, Scotland D.J. GREENLAND International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Phillipines (Present address : CAB International, Wallingford, Oxford, England) M.H.B. HAYES Department of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, P.O. Box 363, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2IT, England A.J. HERBILLON Groupe de Physico-Chimie et de Cata lyse , Place Croix-du-Sud 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (Present address : C.N.R.S., B.P. 5, F-54501, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France) P.M. HUANG Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N OWO, Canada N. C. KEERSEBILCK Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia, and Department of Soil Physics, State University of Ghent, Faculty of Agriculture, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium R.S. MURRAY Director's Research Unit, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Private Bag No.1, Glen Osmond, S.A. 5064, Australia A.C.D. NEWMAN Formerly at Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. AL5 2JQ, England (Present address: Modney Cottage, Hi/gay, Downham Market, Norfolk, England) J.M.OADES Department of Soil Science, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia J.P. QUIRK Director's Research Unit, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Private Bag No.1, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia P.G. ROUXHET Section de Physico-Chimie Minerale, M.R.A. C.- Ter vuren, Belgium J.D. RUSSELL Department of Spectrochemistry, The Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB9 2QJ, Scotland Contributors vii U. SCHWERTMANN Institutfor Bodenkunde, T. U. Miinchen, D-8050 Freising, Federal Republic of Germany W.E.E. STONE Groupe de Physico-Chimie et de Catalyse, Place Croix-du-Sud 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium R.S. SWIFT Department of Soil Science, Lincoln College, Canterbury, New Zealand R.M. TAYLOR CSIRO, Division of Soils, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia D. TESSIER Station de Recherche du Sol, I.N.R.A., F-78000 Versailles, France R.M. TORRES SANCHEZ Section de Physico-Chimie Minerale, M.R.A.C.- Ter vuren, Belgium J.J. TUCK Department of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, P. O. Box 363, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2 IT, England G.A. UZOCHUKWU Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2474, U.S.A. FOREWORD S. Henin Versailles, France It was a pleasure for me to take part in the NATO Advanced Study Workshop for studies of 'Soil Colloids and their Associations in Soil Aggregates'. The meeting provided me with a welcome opportunity to renew acquaintances with respected colleagues in the various fields of Soil Science, to listen to their presentations, and be involved in discussions which were at the frontiers of the science which deals with the structures and the associations of the soil colloidal constituents. In my view the rapid advances in Soil Science, and the great benefits to agriculture from these, have their origins in the emerging understanding of the structures and the associations of the different soil colloids. It is clear that much research is still needed before the molecular details of the most important of the structures and of the interactions are fully understood. The associations between the soil colloids, and the manner in which they bind to or hold the other constituents of soils in aggregates is fundamental to soil fertility. Modem intensive agriculture leads to the degradation of soil structure and the subsequent loss through erosion of a resource that is vital for the production of food. This degradation is considered to result primarily from the biological oxidation of the indigenous soil organic matter, and from the failure to return to the soil sufficient organic residues to compensate for such losses. It is evident that erosion losses cannot be allowed to continue indefinitely, and so it will be necessary to change substantially tillage and agricultural practices, or to supply to the soil materials which will serve the function of indigenous organic matter in so far as the preservation of aggregate structures is concerned. Much was said at the Workshop (and is included in this book) about the structures and surface properties of clays, various oxyhydroxides, humic substances and polysaccharides, materials and substances which can be considered to be the major contributors to the soil colloidal consituents. It was evident too from the Workshop that, although much is known about the structural details of the various clay and oxyhydroxide model substances, less is understood about the details of the structures of many of the actual colloidal substances which occur in the soil. Clearly, for the most part the clays and oxyhydroxides in soils are less homogeneous than those from deposits, or from synthesis in the laboratory. Also, that this lack of homogeneity can have much to do with the ways that the different colloids associate in the soil. It is very important to understand better the extents and the mechanisms of the associations between clays and different oxyhydroxides in the soil. The importance, ix x Foreword for example, of the associations of oxyhydroxides of iron with clay minerals in the formation and stabilisation of soil aggregates should not be underemphasised. Also, when significant amounts of iron are associated with clays in the soil, the surface properties of the clay minerals are greatly altered with respect to the binding or holding of water and solutes. Because of my own research involvements, I was especially interested in discussions of iron hydroxides and their associations with clays. In my view iron oxyhydroxides can associate with clays either by physicochemical binding mechanisms or by simple adhesion or coating processes. However, the balance of evidence favours physicochemical associations because : 1 flocculation results initially when a clay suspension is treated with iron hydroxide, but the clays are resuspended as more iron hydroxide is added to the medium. The iron hydroxide micelles formed are positively charged to allow coulombic interaction between the micelle and the clay surface; 2 there is evidence from electron microscopy for fixation of suspended iron micelles by crystallites of kaolinite; 3 work in our laboratories has shown that compounds of silicon can have high affinities for iron hydroxides, and in the case of kaolinite binding mechanisms may be postulated along the lines : where the SiO - represents a negative charge occurring at the broken edges of the siloxane structure, or arising from the ionisation of a silanol group at the edge. The hydrated iron oxide structure (in brackets) could represent crystalline iron oxides or oxyhydroxides in association with the clay mineral surface. It is my view that the understanding we have of iron oxyhydroxide-clay associations is still highly inadequate, and the same can be said for the other associations of the soil colloidal components. It is my hope that soil colloid chemists will now address themselves more emphatically to studies of details of the mechanisms of interactions between the different soil colloidal constituents. A thorough understanding of the associations between these colloids is fundamental to the design of soil treatment processes which can preserve soil structure and control erosion when the balance of nature is disturbed. It will be essential to put into practice the recommendations which will arise from the new knowledge and understanding if the productivity of our soils is to be maintained in the face of increased pressure to supply food for expanding world populations in the generations ahead.
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