Software Engineering and Testing: An Introduction

529 Pages·2009·11.92 MB·English

by  B. B. Agarwal

SOF TWARE ENGINEERING
& TESTING
ii TABLE OF CONTENTS
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TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
SOF TWARE ENGINEERING
& TESTING
An Introduction
B. B. AGARWAL
S. P. TAYAL
M. GUPTA
iv TABLE OF CONTENTS
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ISBN: 978-1-934015-55-1
Cover Design: Tyler Creative
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Agarwal, B. B.
Software engineering and testing / B.B. Agarwal, S.P. Tayal, M. Gupta.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-1-934015-55-1 (hardcover)
ISBN 978-0-7637-8302-0 (e)
1. Software engineering. 2. Computer software--Testing. I. Tayal, S.P.
II. Gupta, M. (Mahesh) 1975- III. Title.
QA76.758.A3945 2010
005.1--dc22
2008055318
6048 0569
Printed in the United States of America
13 12 11 10 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
T C
ABLE OF ONTENTS
PART I: SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND TESTING
Chapter 1. Introduction to Software Engineering 3
1.1 Introduction to Software 3
1.2 Types of Software 5
1.3 Classes of Software 8
1.4 Introduction to Software Engineering 9
1.5 Software Components 11
1.6 Software Characteristics 12
1.7 Software Crisis 13
1.8 Software Myths 15
1.9 Software Applications 15
1.10 Software-Engineering Processes 18
1.11 Evolution of Software 20
1.12 Comparison of Software Engineering and Related Fields 22
1.13 Some Terminologies 25
1.14 Programs Versus Software Products 26
Chapter 2. Software-Development Life-Cycle Models 29
2.1 Software-Development Life-Cycle 29
2.2 Waterfall Model 36
2.3 Prototyping Model 41
2.4 Spiral Model 44
2.5 Evolutionary Development Model 46
2.6 Iterative-Enhancement Model 47
2.7 RAD Model 49
2.8 Comparison of Various Process Models 50
v
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 3. Introduction to Software Requirements Specification 53
3.1 Requirement Engineering 53
3.2 Process of Requirements Engineering 55
3.3 Information Modeling 61
3.4 Data-Flow Diagrams 62
3.5 Decision Tables 67
3.6 SRS Document 70
3.7 IEEE Standards for SRS Documents 73
3.8 SRS Validation 75
3.9 Components of SRS 75
3.10 Characteristics of SRS 78
3.11 Entity-Relationship Diagram 79
Chapter 4. Software Reliability and Quality Assurance 85
4.1 Verification and Validation 85
4.2 Software Quality Assurance 87
4.3 Software Quality 89
4.4 Capability Maturity Model (SEI-CMM) 96
4.5 International Standard Organization (ISO) 99
4.6 Comparison of ISO-9000 Certification and the SEI-CMM 106
4.7 Reliability Issues 107
4.8 Reliability Metrics 110
4.9 Reliability Growth Modeling 112
4.10 Reliability Assessment 115
Chapter 5. System Design 117
5.1 System/Software Design 117
5.2 Architectural Design 123
5.3 Low-Level Design 125
5.4 Coupling and Cohesion 136
5.5 Functional-Oriented Versus The Object-Oriented Approach 143
5.6 Design Specifications 144
5.7 Verification for Design 145
5.8 Monitoring and Control for Design 146
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
Chapter 6. Software Measurement and Metrics 149
6.1 Software Metrics 149
6.2 Halstead’s Software Science 151
6.3 Function-Point Based Measures 154
6.4 Cyclomatic Complexity 157
Chapter 7. Software Testing 161
7.1 Introduction to Testing 161
7.2 Testing Principles 162
7.3 Testing Objectives 163
7.4 Test Oracles 164
7.5 Levels of Testing 165
7.6 White-Box Testing/Structural Testing 173
7.7 Functional/Black-Box Testing 175
7.8 Test Plan 178
7.9 Test-Case Design 179
Chapter 8. Software-Testing Strategies 181
8.1 Static-Testing Strategies 181
8.2 Debugging 186
8.3 Error, Fault, and Failure 189
Chapter 9. Software Maintenance and Project Management 193
9.1 Software as an Evolution Entity 193
9.2 Software-Configuration Management Activities 193
9.3 Change-Control Process 197
9.4 Software-Version Control 199
9.5 Software-Configuration Management 200
9.6 Need for Maintenance 202
9.7 Categories of Maintenance 203
9.8 Maintenance Costs 204
9.9 Software-Project Estimation 207
9.10 Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) 211
9.11 Software-Risk Analysis and Management 215
viii TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 10. Computer-Aided Software Engineering 223
10.1 Case and its Scope 223
10.2 Levels of Case 224
10.3 Architecture of Case Environment 224
10.4 Building Blocks for Case 226
10.5 Case Support in Software Life-Cycle 227
10.6 Objectives of Case 228
10.7 Case Repository 229
10.8 Characteristics of Case Tools 231
10.9 Case Classification 231
10.10 Categories of Case Tools 233
10.11 Advantages of Case Tools 234
10.12 Disadvantages of Case Tools 235
10.13 Reverse Software Engineering 235
10.14 Software Re-Engineering 240
Chapter 11. Coding 247
11.1 Information Hiding 247
11.2 Programming Style 248
11.3 Internal Documentation 250
11.4 Monitoring and Control for Coding 251
11.5 Structured Programming 252
11.6 Fourth-Generation Techniques 255
PART II: SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS
Chapter 12. Introduction to Software Development 261
12.1 Program Phase 262
12.2 How to Write a Good Program 262
12.3 Programming Tools 263
Chapter 13. Visual Basic 6.0 265
13.1 Hardware and Software Requirements for Visual Basic 266
13.2 Application Types 266
13.3 Compilation in Visual Basic 268
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
13.4 Visual Basic Terminology 268
13.5 Integrated Development Environment (IDE) 269
Chapter 14. Controls in Visual Basic 273
14.1 Tool-Box Controls 276
Chapter 15. Variables and Operators in Visual Basic 297
15.1 Variable Naming Conventions 297
15.2 Variable Declaration 297
15.3 Scope of Variables 298
15.4 Logical Operators 298
15.5 Logical Operators 299
15.6 If-Else Statement 301
15.7 Do While …. Statement 301
15.8 For Loop 302
15.9 With–End With Statement 302
Chapter 16. Functions in Visual Basic 303
Chapter 17. Introduction to Databases 315
17.1 Tables 316
17.2 Structure of a Database 317
17.3 Keys 317
17.4 Data Integrity 318
Chapter 18. MS Access 2000 319
18.1 Creating a Database in MS Access 2000 319
18.2 Data Types 324
18.3 Field Properties 324
18.4 Saving the Table 327
18.5 Modifying the Table 328
18.6 Importing the Table 328
Chapter 19. Oracle 329
19.1 Starting with Oracle 8 329
19.2 How to Create a New User 331