Software Defined Networks. A Comprehensive Approach

333 Pages·2014·9.817 MB·English

by  Paul Goransson and Chuck Black (Auth.)

Software Defined Networks
Software Defined Networks
A Comprehensive Approach
Paul Göransson
Chuck Black
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON
NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Morgan Kaufmann is an imprint of Elsevier
Acquiring Editor: Steve Elliot
Editorial Project Manager: Kaitlin Herbert
Project Manager: Punithavathy Govindaradjane
Designer: Mark Rogers
Morgan Kaufmann is an imprint of Elsevier
225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechani-
cal, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permis-
sions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright
Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other
than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any
information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they
should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional
responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability
for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or
from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Application submitted
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-0-12-416675-2
Printed and bound in the United States of America
14 15 16 17 18 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
For information on all MK publications visit our website at www.mkp.com
This book is dedicated to our families.
In praise of Software Networks: A Comprehensive Approach
“SDN is here and Görannson’s book will fill a glaring need in the technical education community. It is
a new game in town. This useful reference will help get our students up to speed and ready to play in
this world of immense new possibilities.”
—Brian Capouch, Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Saint Joseph’s College
“This book is THE collection of the state-of-the-art in SDN. Göransson and Black have compiled all
of the current literature into an easy-to-read text, preparing the reader to be both current in SDN tech-
nology and aware of the impact that SDN will have today and tomorrow. This is a must-have on every
network technologist’s shelf.”
—Scott Valcourt, Director of Strategic Technology, University of New Hampshire
“Göransson and Black have truly written a comprehensive book on SDN! This is the book we’ve all
been waiting for. Göransson and Black provide an excellent background on SDN, how OpenFlow plays
an important role in SDNs and how the close alignment with the open source movement has allowed
this technology to progress at lightning speed over the past few years. Anyone who reads this book will
walk away with a detailed understanding of SDN, OpenFlow, the SDN Ecosystem and even the busi-
ness ramifications of implementing SDN. Personally, I can’t wait to use this book with my students in
my SDN course.”
—Robert M. Cannistra, NYS Cloud Computing Center - SDN Innovation Lab School of
Computer Science and Mathematics, Marist College
List of Figures
Number Figure Page
1.1 Typicaldatacenternetworktopology. 6
1.2 Rolesofthecontrol,management,anddataplanes. 8
1.3 Apacket’sjourneythroughswitchinghardware. 10
1.4 Controlplaneconsternationintheswitch. 14
1.5 Overheadofdynamicdistributedroutecomputation. 15
1.6 Centralizedprogrammingofforwardingtables. 16
2.1 Networkingfunctionalitymigratingtohardware. 22
2.2 Examplegraphofanetworkforshortest-pathcalculation. 23
2.3 Servervirtualization:creatinganewVMinstance. 30
2.4 Creatinganewnetworkinstanceintheoldparadigm. 31
2.5 Multipath. 33
3.1 EarlyattemptsatSDN:RADIUS. 42
3.2 EarlyattemptsatSDN:orchestration. 43
3.3 EarlyattemptsatSDN:plugins. 45
3.4 ForCESdesign. 46
3.5 4Dprinciples. 47
3.6 Ethanearchitecture. 49
3.7 GeneralOpenFlowdesign. 50
4.1 SDNoperationoverview. 62
4.2 Controller-to-devicecommunication. 63
4.3 SDNsoftwareswitchanatomy. 64
4.4 SDNhardwareswitchanatomy. 65
4.5 SDNcontrolleranatomy. 69
4.6 SDNcontrollernorthboundAPI. 71
4.7 SDNviaexistingAPIs. 75
4.8 Virtualizednetworks. 76
xv
xvi List of Figures
4.9 Encapsulatedframes. 77
4.10 Virtualtunnelendpoints. 78
5.1 OpenFlowcomponents. 82
5.2 OpenFlowV.1.0switch. 84
5.3 OpenFlowcontroller-switchsecurechannel. 86
5.4 OpenFlowsupportformultiplequeuesperport. 87
5.5 OpenFlowV.1.0flowtable. 88
5.6 Basicflowentry. 88
5.7 Packetpathscorrespondingtovirtualports. 90
5.8 Controller-switchprotocolsession. 93
5.9 ControllerprogrammingflowentriesinV.1.0. 96
5.10 Packetmatchingfunction:basicpacketforwardingV.1.0. 97
5.11 Switchforwardingincomingpackettocontroller. 98
5.12 OpenFlowV.1.1switchwithexpandedpacketprocessing. 100
5.13 OpenFlowV.1.1grouptable. 102
5.14 Packetmatchingfunction-basicpacketforwarding,V.1.1. 105
5.15 MulticastusinggrouptableinV.1.1. 106
5.16 OpenFlowV.1.3metertable. 111
5.17 Multipleconnectionsandmultiplechannelsfromaswitch. 113
5.18 V.1.3flowentry. 114
5.19 UseofmetersforQoScontrolinV.1.3. 115
6.1 PhaseddeploymentofSDN. 120
6.2 Traditionalnetworkfailurerecovery. 121
6.3 SDNnetworkfailurerecovery. 122
6.4 SDNcontrollerassinglepointoffailure. 122
6.5 Controllerhighavailabilityandmonitoring. 123
6.6 Controllercluster. 126
6.7 Controllerhierarchy. 127
6.8 Deeppacketinspection. 127
6.9 Statefulawarenessforspecialprotocols. 129
List of Figures xvii
6.10 Statefulawarenessofapplication-leveltransactions. 130
6.11 Overlayoperation. 137
6.12 Openingupthedevice. 140
6.13 SDNalternativesoverlap. 142
7.1 MACaddresstableoverflow. 148
7.2 VLANexhaustion. 149
7.3 VXLANpacketformat. 153
7.4 NVGREpacketformat. 154
7.5 STTpacketformat. 155
7.6 Shortestpathbridging:Q-in-Q(VLAN). 156
7.7 Shortestpathbridging:MAC-in-MAC. 157
7.8 Fat-treetopology. 159
7.9 OptimalpathselectionbySDNcontroller. 164
8.1 Ensuringconsistentpolicyconfiguration. 170
8.2 GooglewithoutOpenFlow. 173
8.3 GooglewithOpenFlow. 174
8.4 Serviceproviderenvironment. 176
8.5 ServiceproviderandSDN:MPLS(Courtesy[6]). 177
8.6 NACcaptiveportalapplication. 181
8.7 DNSblacklistapplication. 183
8.8 IPaddressblacklistapplication. 183
8.9 Mobileserviceproviders. 185
8.10 LoadbalancersusingOpenFlow. 189
8.11 FirewallsusingOpenFlow. 190
8.12 Opticaloffloadapplicationoverview. 192
9.1 SDNplayersecosystem. 196
9.2 ONFvs.OpenDaylightboardmembership. 205
9.3 FocusofONFvs.OpenDaylight. 207
10.1 Reactiveapplicationdesign. 214
10.2 Proactiveapplicationdesign. 216
xviii List of Figures
10.3 Blacklistapplicationdesign. 219
10.4 Tunnelsapplicationdesign. 231
10.5 Offloadapplicationdesign. 233
10.6 NACapplicationdesign. 234
10.7 Trafficengineeringproactiveapplicationdesign. 235
10.8 Trafficengineeringreactiveapplicationdesign. 236
11.1 SDNopensourcelandscape. 240
11.2 ApplicationsofOpenFlowsource. 244
11.3 Openstackcomponentsandroles. 253
11.4 Openstackplugins. 254
11.5 RouteFlownetworktopology(CourtesyofCPqD). 255
11.6 RouteFlowarchitecture(CourtesyofCPqD). 256
12.1 CAPEXonnetworkequipmentmigratestoOPEX. 260
12.2 Agileenvironmentfornetworkadministrators. 276
13.1 Gartnerhypecycle.((CourtesyGartner,Inc.)[1]). 282
List of Tables
Number Table Page
3.1 PrecursorsofSDN 40
3.2 OpenNetworkingFoundationWorkingGroups 51
5.1 OFPTMessageTypesinOpenFlow1.0 92
5.2 MajorNewFeaturesAddedinOpenFlow1.1 99
5.3 MajorNewFeaturesAddedinOpenFlow1.2 107
5.4 MajorNewFeaturesAddedinOpenFlow1.3 110
5.5 OpenFlowProtocolConstantClasses 117
6.1 SDNTechnologiesReportCard 143
7.1 ComparisonofAlternativesinAddressingDataCenterNeeds 160
7.2 DataCenterSDNImplementations 166
9.1 2013SDNCommercialProductListbyVendor 198
11.1 OpenSourceImplementationsofOpenFlow:Description 245
11.2 OpenSourceImplementationsofOpenFlow:Details 245
11.3 OpenSourceOpenFlowSwitches:Description 246
11.4 OpenSourceOpenFlowSwitches:Details 246
11.5 OpenSourceControllers:Description 247
11.6 OpenSourceControllers:Details 248
11.7 OpenSourceSDNApplications:Description 250
11.8 OpenSourceSDNApplications:Details 250
11.9 OpenSourceOrchestrationSolutions:Description 251
11.10 OpenSourceOrchestrationSolutions:Details 252
11.11 OpenSourceTestandSimulation:Description 252
11.12 OpenSourceTestandSimulation:Details 252
12.1 MajorVCsInvestinginSDNStartupsasof2013 267
12.2 MajorSDNAcquisitionsin2012–2013 268
12.3 StartupLandscapein2013 271
xix