Soft Power and US Foreign Policy: Theoretical, Historical and Contemporary Perspectives (Routledge Studies in US Foreign Policy)

249 Pages·2010·1.74 MB·English

by  Inderjeet Parmar

Soft Power and US Foreign Policy
The rise of widespread negative attitudes towards US foreign policy, especially
following the war of aggression against Iraq and the subsequent military
occupation – has brought new attention to the meaning and instruments of soft
power.Inthiseditedcollection,anoutstandinglineupofcontributorsprovidesthe
mostextensivediscussionofsoftpowertodate.Softpoweristheuseofattraction
andpersuasionratherthantheuseofcoercionorforceinforeignpolicy.Itarises
fromtheattractivenessofacountry’sculture,politicalidealsandpolicies,whereas
hardpowerdevelopsoutofacountry’smilitaryoreconomicmight.
Softpowerhasbecomepartofpopularpoliticaldiscoursesinceitwascoined
byHarvard’sJosephNye,andthisvolumefeaturesabrandnewchapterbyNye
outlining his views on soft, hard and smart power, and offers a critique of the
Bushadministration’sinadequacies.Hethengoesontoexaminethechallenges
for President Barack Obama. The other contributions to the volume respond to
Nye’sviewsfromarangeoftheoretical,historicalandpolicyperspectivesgiving
newinsightsintobothsoftpowerandtheconceptofpoweritself.
Thisisthemostcomprehensiveandup-to-dateanalysisofthiskeyconceptin
foreignaffairsandisessentialreadingforscholarsofUSforeignpolicy,public
diplomacy,internationalrelationsandforeignpolicyanalysis.

InderjeetParmaris(cid:255)Professor(cid:255)of(cid:255)Government(cid:255)at(cid:255)the(cid:255),
UK. He is Vice Chair of the British International Studies Association, has
publishedseveralbooksandistheco-editoroftheRoutledgeStudiesinUSForeign
Policyseries.
MichaelCoxisProfessorintheInternationalRelationsDepartmentatLSE,UK.
Heistheauthorofnumerousbooksandhaseditedseveraloftheleadingjournals
ininternationalrelations.
Routledge studies in US foreign policy
InderjeetParmar,
and JohnDumbrell,UniversityofDurham
Thisnewseriessetsouttopublishhighqualityworksbyleadingandemergingscholars
criticallyengagingwithUSForeignPolicy.Theserieswelcomesavarietyofapproaches
to the subject and draws on scholarship from international relations, security studies,
international political economy, foreign policy analysis and contemporary international
history.
Subjectscoveredincludetheroleofadministrationsandinstitutions,themedia,think
tanks,ideologuesandintellectuals,elites,transnationalcorporations,publicopinionand
pressuregroupsinshapingforeignpolicy,USrelationswithindividualnations,withglobal
regionsandglobalinstitutionsandAmerica’sevolvingstrategicandmilitarypolicies.
Theseriesaimstoprovidearangeofbooks–fromindividualresearchmonographsand
editedcollectionstotextbooksandsupplementalreadingforscholars,researchers,policy
analystsandstudents.
UnitedStatesForeignPolicyandNationalIdentityinthe21stCentury
EditedbyKennethChristie
NewDirectionsinUSForeignPolicy
EditedbyInderjeetParmar,LindaB.MillerandMarkLedwidge
America’s‘SpecialRelationships’
Foreignanddomesticaspectsofthepoliticsofalliance
EditedbyJohnDumbrellandAxelRSchäfer

USForeignPolicyinContext
NationalideologyfromthefounderstotheBushDoctrine
AdamQuinn
TheUnitedStatesandNATOsince9/11
Thetransatlanticalliancerenewed
EllenHallams
SoftPowerandUSForeignPolicy
Theoretical,historicalandcontemporaryperspectives
EditedbyInderjeetParmarandMichaelCox
Soft Power and US Foreign
Policy
Theoretical, historical and contemporary
perspectives
Edited by
Inderjeet Parmar
and Michael Cox
Firstpublished2010
byRoutledge
2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,Oxon,OX144RN
SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanada
byRoutledge
270MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016
RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010.
To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.
©2010Editorialselectionandmatter,InderjeetParmarandMichaelCox;
individualchaptersthecontributors
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedor
utilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,now
knownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orin
anyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwriting
fromthepublishers.
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
SoftpowerandUSforeignpolicy:theoretical,historicaland
contemporaryperspectives/editedbyInderjeetParmarandMichaelCox.
p.cm.–(RoutledgestudiesinUSforeignpolicy)
1.UnitedStates–Relations–Foreigncountries.I.Parmar,Inderjeet.II.Cox,
Michael,1947-III.Title:SoftpowerandUnitedStatesforeignpolicy.
JZ1480.S642010
327.73–dc22 20 09035653
ISBN 0-203-85649-X Master e-book ISBN
ISBN10:0-415-49203-3(hbk)
ISBN10:0-415-49204-1(pbk)
ISBN10:0-203-85649-X(ebk)
ISBN13:978-0-415-49203-4(hbk)
ISBN13:978-0-415-49204-1(pbk)
ISBN13:978-0-203-85649-9(ebk)
Contents
Contributors vii
Acknowledgements xi
Introduction 1
INDERJEET PARMAR AND MICHAEL COX
1 ThefutureofsoftpowerinUSforeignpolicy 4
JOSEPH S. NYE, JR
2 Fromhegemonytosoftpower:implicationsof
aconceptualchange 12
GERALDO ZAHRAN AND LEONARDO RAMOS
3 Softpowerandstrategy:developinga‘strategic’
conceptofpower 32
EDWARD LOCK
4 Theunbearablelightnessofsoftpower 51

CHRISTOPHER LAYNE
5 ThePowerGame,softpowerandtheinternationalhistorian 83
TILL GEIGER
6 Challengingeliteanti-AmericanismintheColdWar:
Americanfoundations,Kissinger’sHarvardSeminar
andtheSalzburgSeminarinAmericanstudies 108
INDERJEET PARMAR
7 TechnologicalleadershipandAmericansoftpower 121
JOHN KRIGE
vi Contents
8 TheMilitaryuseofsoftpower–informationcampaigns:
thechallengeofapplication,theiraudiencesandeffects 137
ANGUS TAVERNER
9 Publicdiplomacyandtheinformationwaronterror 152
PHILIP M. TAYLOR
10 SoftpowerinaneraofUSdecline 165
GILES SCOTT-SMITH
11 Chequesandbalances:theEuropeanUnion’ssoftpower
strategy 182
CHRISTOPHER HILL
12 ThemythandrealityofChina’s‘softpower’ 199
SHOGO SUZUKI
13 Respondingtomycriticsandconcludingthoughts 215
JOSEPH S. NYE, JR
Index 228
Contributors
MichaelCoxisCo-DirectorofIDEASandProfessorofInternationalRelations
attheLondonSchoolofEconomics,UK.
TillGeiger is(cid:255)Lecturer(cid:255)in(cid:255)International(cid:255)History(cid:255)at(cid:255)the(cid:255)
andhaspublishedwidelyonBritishandIrishforeignpolicyandtransatlantic
relations in the early Cold War. His publications include Britain and the
EconomicProblemoftheColdWar:ThePoliticalEconomyandtheEconomic
ImpactoftheBritishDefenceEffort,1945–1955(Ashgate,2004),(withMichael
Kennedy,eds)Ireland,EuropeandtheMarshallPlan(FourCourtsPress,2004)
andarticlesin EuropeanReviewofHistory and IrishStudiesinInternational
Affairs.HiscurrentresearchisonBritain,WesternEuropeandAmericanaid
toWesternEurope,1948–60.
ChristopherHill,FBA,isSirPatrickSheehyProfessorofInternationalRelations,
attheUniversityofCambridge.From1974–2004hetaughtintheDepartmentof
InternationalRelationsattheLondonSchoolSchoolofEconomicsandPolitical
Science,wherehewastheMontagueBurtonProfessor.Hismostrecentbooks
areTheChangingPoliticsofForeignPolicy(Palgrave,2003)andTheEuropean
UnioninInternationalRelations(editedwithMichaelSmith,2005).
John Krige is the Kranzberg Professor in the School of History, Technology

andSocietyatGeorgiaTech.Hehaspublishedextensivelyontheintersection
between scientific and technological collaboration and the foreign policy of
nationstates,bothEuropeanandtheUS. Hehasparticipatedinwritingmajor
historiesofCERN(EuropeanOrganizationforNuclearResearch)andofESA
(European Space Agency). His most recent publications include an edited
collection, Global Power Knowledge: Science, Technology and International
Affairs (with K.H. Barth) published as Vol. 21 of OSIRIS (University of
ChicagoPress,2005)andAmericanHegemonyandthePostwarReconstruction
of Science in Europe (MIT Press, 2006). His current project deals with
technological exchange between the USA and Western Europe in strategic
domains,notablythenuclearandspace.
ChristopherLayneisProfessor,andRobertM.GatesChairinNationalSecurity
atTexasA&MUniversity’sGeorgeH.W.BushSchoolofGovernmentand
viii Contributors
Public Service. His research interests are grand strategy, American foreign
policy, and international relations theory. Professor Layne has written two
books: The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to
the Present (Cornell University Press, 2006) and (with Bradley A. Thayer)
American Empire: A Debate (Routledge, 2006). He has published five major
articlesinInternationalSecurity.Additionally,hehascontributedextensively
to the debates about international relations theory and American foreign
policy in several scholarly and policy journals. He also is a Contributing
Editor to The American Conservative. Professor Layne is a member of the
Council on Foreign Relations, and a consultant to the National Intelligence
Council.
Edward Lock is a senior lecturer in International Relations in the Department
of Politics, Philosophy and IR at the University of the West of England,
Bristol. He writes on US grand strategy, strategic culture and constructivist
theory.Currently,heispreparingamanuscriptontheconceptualandpractical
limitationsofthedebatewithintheUSforeignpolicyestablishmentregarding
thenature,extentandfuturetrajectoryofAmericanpower.
JosephS.Nye,JrisUniversityDistinguishedServiceProfessorandformerDean
oftheKennedySchoolofGovernmentatHarvardUniversity.Hereceivedhis
bachelor’s degree summa cum laude from Princeton University in 1958, did
postgraduateworkatOxfordUniversityonaRhodesScholarship,andearneda
PhDinpoliticalsciencefromHarvard.HejoinedtheHarvardfacultyin1964.
In2008,apollof2700internationalrelationsscholarslistedhimasoneofthe
sixmostinfluentialinthepast20yearsandthemostinfluentialonAmerican
foreignpolicy.
From1977–79,NyewasDeputytotheUndersecretaryofStateforSecurity
Assistance,Science,andTechnologyandchairedtheNationalSecurityCouncil
Group on Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons. In 1993–94 he chaired
the National Intelligence Council which prepares intelligence estimates for
the president, and in 1994–95 served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for
InternationalSecurit yAffairs.HewonDistinguishedServicemedalsfromall
threeagencies.
Nye is the author of numerous books and more than 150 articles in
professional and policy journals. His most recent books include Soft Power
(New York: Public Affairs, 2004), Understanding International Conflict
(7th ed), The Powers to Lead (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008)
andThePowerGame:AWashingtonNovel(NewYork:PublicAffairs,2004).
He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the British
Academy,andtheAmericanAcademyofDiplomacy.Heisanhonoraryfellow
ofExeterCollege,Oxford,andaTheodoreRooseveltFellowofTheAmerican
Academy of Political and Social Science. He is the recipient of Princeton
University’sWoodrowWilsonAward,andtheCharlesMerriamAwardfrom
theAmericanPoliticalScienceAssociation.
Contributors ix
InderjeetParmaris(cid:255)Professor(cid:255)of(cid:255)Government(cid:255)at(cid:255)the(cid:255),
UK.HewasHeadofPoliticsatManchester(2006–9)andiscurrentlyViceChair
of the British International Studies Association. Author and editor of several
books and articles, he is writing a monograph entitled Foundations of the
American Century: Ford, Carnegie and Rockefeller Foundations and US
ForeignAffairs(ColumbiaUniversityPress,forthcoming).
Leonardo Ramos is Assistant Professor in the Department of International
Relations at the Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais (PUC-Minas)
anddoctoralcandidateintheInstituteofInternationalRelationsatthePontifical
Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (IRI/PUC-Rio). His current research
focuses on the G8, and he has published articles on Gramsci, international
politicaleconomy,globalizationandcivilsociety.
Giles Scott-Smith is a senior researcher with the Roosevelt Study Center and
AssociateProfessorinInternationalRelationsattheRooseveltAcademy,both
in Middelburg, the Netherlands. In January 2009 he was appointed the Ernst
van der Beugel Chair in the Diplomatic History of Transatlantic Relations
since WWII at Leiden University. He is co-editor of the European Journal
of American Studies and on the management committee of the Transatlantic
StudiesAssociation.Hisresearchcoverstheroleofnon-stateactorsandpublic
diplomacyinthemaintenanceofinter-state(particularlytransatlantic)relations,
and their contribution to the ideological ‘battle of ideas’ during the Cold
War and beyond. His publications include Networks of Empire: The U.S.
StateDepartment’sForeignLeaderProgramintheNetherlands,France,and
Britain 1950–70 (Peter Lang, 2008), The Politics of Apolitical Culture: The
CongressforCulturalFreedom,theCIA,andPost-warAmericanHegemony
(Routledge, 2002) and numerous articles in journals such as British Journal
of Politics and International Relations, Cold War History, Revue Francaise
d’EtudesAmericaines,JournalofAmericanStudies,DiplomacyandStatecraft,
andIntelligenceandNationalSecurity.
Shogo Suzuki is(cid:255)Lecturer(cid:255)in(cid:255)Politics(cid:255)at(cid:255)the(cid:255),(cid:255)UK.

His research focuses on Sino-Japanese relations, Chinese foreign policy and
Japanese foreign policy. He is the author of Civilization and Empire: China
andJapan’sEncounterwithEuropeanInternationalSociety(Routledge,2009),
as well as articles that have appeared in European Journal of International
Relations, The Pacific Review, Third World Quarterly and International
Relations.
AngusTavernerspecialisesininternationalrelations,politicalriskandstrategic
communications.Hehasbeenworkingwithgovernmentsandorganisationsin
the Europe, the USA and the Middle East since 2004, and has been involved
withanumberofprojectsinvolving:newsanalysis,interpretinginternational
mediaperceptions,andcommentaryonstrategicissuesthatinfluencepolitical,
diplomaticandeconomicrelationsintheregion.