Soft Order in Physical Systems PDF
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Soft Order in Physical Systems NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics New York and London C Mathematical and Physical Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers D Behavioral and Social Sciences Dordrecht, Boston, and London E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, H Cell Biology Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong, and Barcelona 1 Global Environmental Change Recent Volumes in this Series Volume 317—Solid State Lasers: New Developments and Applications edited by Massimo Inguscio and Richard Wallenstein Volume 318 —Relativistic and Electron Correlation Effects in Molecules and Solids edited by G. L. Malli Volume 319 —Statics and Dynamics of Alloy Phase Transformations edited by Patrice E. A. Turchi and Antonios Gonis Volume 320 —Singular Limits of Dispersive Waves 1 edited by N. M. Ercolani, I. R. Gabitov, C. D. Levermore, and D. Serre Volume 321 —Topics in Atomic and Nuclear Collisions edited by B. Remaud, A. Calboreanu, and V. Zoran Volume 322 —Techniques and Concepts of High-Energy Physics VII edited by Thomas Ferbel Volume 323 -—Soft Order in Physical Systems edited by Y. Rabin and R. Bruinsma Volume 324 —On Three Levels: Micro-, Meso-, and Macro-Approaches in Physics edited by Mark Fannes, Christian Maes, and Andre Verbeure cfjpjrp Series B: Physics Soft Order in Physical Systems Edited by Y. Rabin Bar-Han University Ramat Gan, Israel and R. Bruinsma University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles, California Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Soft Order in Physical Systems, held in honor of Shlomo Alexander, February 16-25, 1993, in Les Houches, France NATO-PCO-DAAT BASE The electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to more than 30,000 contributions from international scientists published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO-DATA BASE is possible in two ways: —via online FILE 128 (NATO-PCO-DATA BASE) hosted by ESRIN, Via Galileo Galilei, I-00044 Frascati, Italy —via CD-ROM "NATO Science and Technology Disk" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French, and German (©WTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies, Inc. 1989). The CD-ROM also contains the AGARD Aerospace Database. The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers or through NATO-PCO, Overijse, Belgium. Librar y o f Congress Cataloglng-ln-Publicatio n Dat a Soft orde r i n physical system s / edite d b y Y. Rabin and R. Bruinsma. p. cm . — (NATO ASI series . Serie s B, Physics ; vol. 323) "Published i n cooperation wit h NATO Affair s Division. " "Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Soft Order i n Physical Systems, hel d i n honor of Shlomo Alexander, February 16-25 , 1993, i n Les Houches, France"—Vers o t.p . Includes bibliographica l reference s and index . ISBN 978-1-4613-6046-9 ISBN 978-1-4615-2458-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-2458-8 1. Polymers—Congresses. 2 . Chemistry, Physical an d theoretical ¬ -Congresses. I . Rabin, Yitzhak . II . Bruinsma, R. III . Nort h Atlanti c Treat y Organization . Scientifi c Affair s Division . IV. NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Soft Order i n Physical Systems (199 3 : Les Houches, Haute-Savoie, France) V . Title . VI. Series : NATO ASI series . Serie s B, Physics : v. 323. QC173.4.P65S46 199 4 530 .4 ' 13—dc20 94-503 0 CIP ISBN 978-1-4613-6046-9 © 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1994 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1994 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher SPECIAL PROGRAM ON CHAOS, ORDER, AND PATTERNS This book contains the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop held within the program of activities of the NATO Special Program on Chaos, Order, and Patterns. Volume 208 - MEASURES OF COMPLEXITY AND CHAOS edited by Neal B. Abraham, Alfonso M. Albano, Anthony Passamante, and Paul E. Rapp Volume 225 - NONLINEAR EVOLUTION OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL STRUCTURES IN DISSIPATIVE CONTINUOUS SYSTEMS edited by F. H. Busse and L. Kramer Volume 235 - DISORDER AND FRACTURE edited by J. C. Charmet, S. Roux, and E. Guyon Volume 236 - MICROSCOPIC SIMULATIONS OF COMPLEX FLOWS edited by Michel Mareschal Volume 240 - GLOBAL CLIMATE AND ECOSYSTEM CHANGE edited by Gordon J. MacDonald and Luigi Sertorio Volume 243 - DAVYDOV'S SOLITON REVISITED: Self-Trapping of Vibrational Energy in Protein edited by Peter L. Christiansen and Alwyn C. Scott Volume 244 - NONLINEAR WAVE PROCESSES IN EXCITABLE MEDIA edited by Arun V. Holden, Mario Markus, and Hans G. Othmer Volume 245 - DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRIC METHODS IN THEORETICAL PHYSICS: Physics and Geometry edited by Ling-Lie Chau and Werner Nahm Volume 256 - INFORMATION DYNAMICS edited by Harald Atmanspacher and Herbert Scheingraber Volume 260 - SELF-ORGANIZATION, EMERGING PROPERTIES, AND LEARNING edited by-:>..gnessa Babloyantz Volume 263 - BIOLOGICALLY INSPIRED PHYSICS edited by L. Peliti Volume 264 - MICROSCOPIC ASPECTS OF NONLINEARITY IN CONDENSED MATTER edited by A. R. Bishop, V. L. Pokrovsky, and V. Tognetti Volume 268 - THE GLOBAL GEOMETRY OF TURBULENCE: Impact of Nonlinear Dynamics edited by Javier Jimenez SPECIAL PROGRAM ON CHAOS, ORDER, AND PATTERNS Volume 270 - COMPLEXITY, CHAOS, AND BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION edited by Erik Mosekilde and Lis Mosekilde Volume 272 - PREDICTABILITY, STABILITY, AND CHAOS IN N-BODY DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS edited by Archie E. Roy Volume 276 - GROWTH AND FORM: Nonlinear Aspects edited by M. Ben Amar, P. Pelce, and P. Tabeling Volume 278 - PAINLEVE: TRANSCENDENTS: Their Asymptotics and Physical Applications edited by Decio Levi and Pavel Winternitz Volume 280 - CHAOS, ORDER, AND PATTERNS edited by Roberto Artuso, Predrag Cvitanovic, and Giulio Casati Volume 284 - ASYMPTOTICS BEYOND ALL ORDERS edited by Harvey Segur, Saleh Tanveer, and Herbert Levine Volume 291 - PROTEIN TRANSFER IN HYDROGEN-BONDED SYSTEMS edited by T. Bountis Volume 292 - MICROSCOPIC SIMULATIONS OF COMPLEX HYDRODYNAMIC PHENOMENA edited by Michel Mareschal and Brad Lee Holian Volume 298 - CHAOTIC DYNAMICS: Theory and Practice edited by T. Bountis Volume 312 - FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF NONLINEAR DYNAMICS IN PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS edited by P. L. Christiansen, J. C. Eilbeck, and R. D. Parmentier Volume 320 - SINGULAR LIMITS OF DISPERSIVE WAVES edited by N. M. Ercolani, I. R. Gabitov, C. D. Levermore, and D. Serre Volume 323 - SOFT ORDER IN PHYSICAL SYSTEMS edited by Y. Rabin and R. Bruinsma PREFACE A humoristic view of the physics of soft matter, which nevertheless has a ring of truth to it, is that it is an ill-defined subject which deals with ill-condensed matter by ill-defined methods. Although, since the Nobel prize was awarded to Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, this subject can be no longer shrugged-away as "sludge physics" by the physics community, it is still not viewed universally as "main stream" physics. While, at first glance, this may be considered as another example of inertia, a case of the "establishment" against the "newcomer", the roots of this prejudice are much deeper and can be traced back to Roger Bacon's conception about the objectivity of science. All of us would agree with the weaker form of this idea which simply says that the final results of our work should be phrased in an observer-independent way and be communicable to anybody who made the effort to learn this language. There exists, however, a stronger form of this idea according to which the above criteria of "objectivity" and "communicability" apply also to the process of scientific inquiry. The fact that major progress in the physics of soft matter was made in apparent violation of this approach, by applying intuition to problems which appeared to defy rigorous analysis, may explain why many physicists feel somewhat ill-at-ease with this subject. The inadequacy of the notion that one can do physics in a way which can be taught to a computer is particularly clear to those of us who had the privilege to work with Shlomo Alexander. After discussing a scientific problem with Shlomo one quite often feels that Shlomo said something very deep and important but, at the same time, one fails to fully appreciate the connection between the question asked and Shlomo's answer. Only much later, sometimes after one spends weeks and months thinking about the problem, one suddenly grasps the delicate rela tionship between the problem he raised and Shlomo's comments. The reason is that that Shlomo's deep insights are the product of his unique physical intuition. vii We can only speculate on the origins of this intuition: his unusual background as an experimentalist who turned into a high-powered theorist, his superb geometri cal imagination, his deep feeling for symmetry arguments and last, but not least, the breadth of his interests which go far beyond physics (his collaboration with his wife Esther, on economics, is but one example). While the results of Shlomo Alexander's insights can be turned into simple and comprehensible formulas, his intuition and unique way of reasoning belong to the realm of art. This art has enriched us all in a way which makes Shlomo's impact on the physics of soft matter go even beyond his many beautiful works. Yitzhak Rabin and Robijn Bruinsma viii CONTENTS An Historical Perspective (Une Perspective Historique) ............................. 1 Y. Ne'eman REVIEW PAPERS Focal Conics Domains in Smectics .................................................. 5 P. Boltenhagen, M. Kleman and O.D. Lavrentovich On Polymer Brushes and Blobology: An Introduction ............................. 33 A. Halperin The Adhesion Between Elastomers ................................................ 57 E. Raphael and P.-G. de Gennes Dynamics of Late Stage Phase Separation in Polymer Blends ...................... 73 S. Reich RESEARCH PAPERS 1. Polymer Physics Swelling and Uniaxial Extension of Polymer Gels as Seen by Small Angle Neutron Scattering ... '" ...................................... 99 J. Bastide, F. Boue, E. Mendes, A. Hakiki, A. Ramzi and J. Herz Silica-Poly (dimethsiloxane) Mixtures: An NMR Approach to the Investigation of Chain Adsorption Statistics ............................... 103 R. Ebengou and J.-P. Cohen-Addad Liquid Crystalline Polymers in Nematic Solvents: Extension and Confinement ............................................... 107 A. Halperin and D.R.M. Williams The Revealing of Heterogeneities by Free Linear Chains in a Network ............ 113 J. Lal, J. Bastide, R. Bansil and F. Boue ix Non-Debye Screening in Polyelectrolyte Solutions ................................ 117 K. Kremer, M.J. Stevens and P.A. Pincus Entropy of Knots and Statistics of Entangled Random Walks ..................... 125 S. Nechaev and A. Grosberg Polymers in a Random Environment and Molecular Quasi-Species ................ 129 L. Peliti Wetting from Mixtures of Flexible Chains ........................................ 133 U. Steiner, J. Klein, E. Eiser, A. Budkowski and L. Fetters 2. Crystallography Twins in Dianlond Films ........................................................ 137 D. Shechtman 3. Dynamics of Disordered Systems / Glasses The Crystallization of Amorphous AL: GE Thin Films ........................... 141 Y. Lereah and G. Deutscher Grain Boundary Motion During Anisotropic Grain Growth ....................... 145 A. Brokman and A.J. Vilenkin Soft Atomic Potentials and Low-Frequency Raman Scattering in Glasses .......... 151 D.A. Parshin Dynamics of Interface Depinning in a Disordered Medium ........................ 155 S. Stepanow, T. Nattermann, L.-H. Tang and H. Leschhorn 4. Percolation, Diffusion and Fractons Hull of Percolation Clusters in Three Dimensions ................................ 159 J.-M. Debierre Dynamics of Diffusion and Invasion Fronts: On the Disconnection - Reconnection Exponents of Percolation Clusters ........................... 163 J.-F. Gouyet Diffusion Reaction A+B -+ C, with A and B Initially-Separated .................. 167 S. Havlin, M. Araujo, H. Larralde, H.E. Stanley and P. Trunfio Nuclear Spin Relaxation in Aerogels and Porous Glasses .... , .................... 173 L. Malier, J.P. Boilot, F. Chaput and F. Devreux x
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