Soft Materials: Structure and Dynamics PDF
Preview Soft Materials: Structure and Dynamics
SOF T MATERIALS Copyright © 2005 by Marcel Dekker SOF T MATERIALS Structure Dynamics and Edited by John R. Dutcher and Alejandro G. Marangoni University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario, Canada MARCEL DEKKER NEW YORK Copyright © 2005 by Marcel Dekker 5358-5_Dutcher_Prelims_R2_071404 Although great care has been taken to provide accurate and current information, neithertheauthor(s)northepublisher,noranyoneelseassociatedwiththispublica- tion,shallbeliableforanyloss,damage,orliabilitydirectlyorindirectlycausedor allegedtobecausedbythisbook.Thematerialcontainedhereinisnotintendedto providespecificadviceorrecommendationsforanyspecificsituation. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregisteredtrade- marksandareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanationwithoutintenttoinfringe. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. ISBN:0-8247-5358-5 Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper. Headquarters MarcelDekker,270MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,U.S.A. tel:212-696-9000;fax:212-685-4540 DistributionandCustomerService MarcelDekker,CimarronRoad,Monticello,NewYork12701,U.S.A. tel:800-228-1160;fax:845-796-1772 WorldWideWeb http://www.dekker.com Thepublisheroffersdiscountsonthisbookwhenorderedinbulkquantities.Formore information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters addressabove. Copyrightnnnnnn2005byMarcelDekker.AllRightsReserved. Neitherthisbooknoranypartmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorby any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission inwritingfromthepublisher. Currentprinting(lastdigit): 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PRINTEDINTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA Copyright © 2005 by Marcel Dekker MD: DUTCHER,JOB: 03309,PAGE:ii 5358-5_Dutcher_Preface_R1_043004 Preface Soft materials, such as polymers, biopolymers, liquid crystals, gels, and foams,havephysicalpropertiesthatcanbeverydifferentfromconventional materials,givingrisetointriguingbehavior.Forexample,liquidcrystalscan behavelikeeitheraliquidorasolid,dependingonthedirectionthatischosen withinthematerial.Apolymermaterialcanalsobehavelikeeitheraliquidor a solid, depending on the time scale of the measurement. Such unusual behavioroccurscommonlyforsoftmaterialsandcanbeattributedtoseveral commonfeaturesthatthesematerialsshare: 1. The bonding between the molecules can be relatively weak. Because of this,largechangesinthematerialscanbeproducedbymodestchangesin theirenvironmentalconditions,suchastemperatureandexternalfields. Theweakbondingalsoallowsthemoleculestoself-assembleinresponse tointermolecularinteractionstoformuniqueandusefulstructuresover largelengthscales. 2. The structure of the materials is typically hierarchical, with one level of structure built on underlying levels of structure. In addition, many soft materials are made up of different components, with interfaces between the components playing a large role in determining their physical properties. 3. Theirphysicalpropertiesvaryoveralargerangeoftimescales.Molecules andassembliesofmoleculescanmoveonwidelydifferingtimescalesfrom picoseconds—characteristic of the motion of individual segments of macromolecules—to what can be called human time scales (seconds, minutes,years)correspondingtotheslowfloworcreepofthematerials. iii Copyright © 2005 by Marcel Dekker MD:DUTCHER, JOB: 03309,PAGE:iii 5358-5_Dutcher_Preface_R1_043004 iv Preface Thebehaviorofsoftmaterialsisfurthercomplicatedbecausetheyare typically far from equilibrium, with kinetics playing a dominant role in determiningtheirstructureanddynamics. Thecomplexnatureofsoftmaterialshasmadesoftmaterialssciencea veryactiveareaforfundamentalresearchandtechnologicalapplications.It hasbecomeclearthattheunderstandingandcontrolofsoftmaterialsrequires aninterdisciplinaryapproach,usingsophisticatedexperimentalandcompu- tational techniques to elucidate the relationships between the structure, dynamics, and function of these materials. In putting together this book, ourintentwastobringtogethercontributionsfromagroupofsoftmaterials researchersrepresentingthebroadrangeofacademicdisciplinesinvolvedin thisareaofresearch.Becauseofthis,thebookisorganizedintofourbroad sections,namely,syntheticpolymers,complexfluids,biomaterials,andfood materials, providing a broad overview of the major areas of scientific and technologicalendeavorinthefieldofsoftmaterialsscienceandtechnology. Moreover,ineachsectionbothexperimentalstudiesandmodelingeffortsare presented,soastoprovideamorecompletepictureofaparticularresearch area.Itisourhopethatresearchersworkinginthefieldandthosewhoarenew tothefieldwillfindthisbookuseful. JohnR.Dutcher AlejandroG.Marangoni Copyright © 2005 by Marcel Dekker MD:DUTCHER, JOB: 03309,PAGE:iv 5358-5_Dutcher_Contents_R1_043004 Contents Preface iii Contributors vii I. Synthetic Polymers 1. MobilityonDifferentLengthScalesinThinPolymerFilms 1 Connie B. Roth and John R. Dutcher 2. Crystallization of Thin Polymer Films: Crystallinity, Kinetics, and Morphology 39 Vincent H. Mareau and Robert E. Prud’homme 3. Deformation, Stretching, and Relaxation of Single- Polymer Chains: Fundamentals and Examples 73 Gary W. Slater, Yannick Gratton, Martin Kenward, Laurette McCormick, and Fre´de´ric Tessier 4. Science and Engineering of Nanoparticle–Polymer Composites: Insights from Computer Simulation 107 Francis W. Starr and Sharon C. Glotzer II. Complex Fluids 5. Polymeric Additives as Modifiers of Hydrocarbon Crystallization Behavior 125 Jeffrey L. Hutter v Copyright © 2005 by Marcel Dekker MD: DUTCHER,JOB: 03309,PAGE: v 5358-5_Dutcher_Contents_R1_043004 vi Contents 6. Confinement and Shear Effects on the Structure of a Smectic Liquid-Crystal Complex Fluid 155 Stefan H. J. Idziak 7. Macroscopic Rheological Behavior of Dispersions of Soft Rubberlike Solid Particles 179 Rajinder Pal III. Biomaterials 8. Computer Simulations of Mechanical Micromanipulation of Proteins 201 Alexandre S. Lemak, James R. Lepock, and Jeff Z. Y. Chen 9. Structure–Function Relationships of Aspartic Proteinases 227 Rickey Y. Yada and Takuji Tanaka 10. ComputerSimulationofSoftMesoscopicSystemsUsing Dissipative Particle Dynamics 265 David A. Pink IV. Food Materials 11. Crystallization of Bulk Fats Under Shear 279 Gianfranco Mazzanti, Sarah E. Guthrie, Eric B. Sirota, Alejandro G. Marangoni, and Stefan H. J. Idziak 12. Foods at Subzero Temperatures 299 H. Douglas Goff 13. Biogenic Cellular Solids 321 Martin G. Scanlon 14. Modeling of Formation and Rheology of Protein Particle Gels 351 Joost H. J. van Opheusden Copyright © 2005 by Marcel Dekker MD:DUTCHER, JOB: 03309,PAGE:vi 5358-5_Dutcher_Contributors_R2_060704 Contributors JeffZ.Y.Chen DepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofWaterloo,Waterloo, Ontario,Canada John R. Dutcher Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario,Canada Sharon C. Glotzer Departments of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. H. Douglas Goff Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph,Ontario,Canada Yannick Gratton Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario,Canada Sarah E. Guthrie Department of Physics and Guelph–Waterloo Physics Institute,UniversityofWaterloo,Waterloo,Ontario,Canada JeffreyL.Hutter DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,TheUniversityof WesternOntario,London,Ontario,Canada Stefan H. J. Idziak Department of Physics and Guelph–Waterloo Physics Institute,UniversityofWaterloo,Waterloo,Ontario,Canada Martin Kenward Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario,Canada vii Copyright © 2005 by Marcel Dekker MD:DUTCHER, JOB: 03309,PAGE:vii 5358-5_Dutcher_Contributors_R2_060704 viii Contributors Alexandre S. Lemak Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto,Ontario,Canada James R. Lepock Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Tor- onto,Toronto,Ontario,Canada Alejandro G. Marangoni Department of Food Science, University of Guelph,Guelph,Ontario,Canada Vincent H. Mareau Department of Chemistry, Laval University, Laval, Quebec,Canada Gianfranco Mazzanti Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph,Ontario,Canada Laurette McCormick Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Otta- wa,Ontario,Canada RajinderPal DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,UniversityofWaterloo, Waterloo,Ontario,Canada David A. Pink Department of Physics, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish,NovaScotia,Canada RobertE.Prud’homme* DepartmentofChemistry,LavalUniversity,Laval, Quebec,Canada Connie B. Roth Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario,Canada Martin G. Scanlon Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg,Manitoba,Canada Eric B. Sirota ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Annan- dale,NewJersey,U.S.A. Gary W. Slater Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario,Canada Francis W. Starr Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middle- town,Connecticut,U.S.A. y Takuji Tanaka Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph,Ontario,Canada Currentaffiliation: *DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofMontreal,Montreal,Quebec,Canada. yDepartment of Applied Microbiology and Food Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon,Saskatchewan,Canada. Copyright © 2005 by Marcel Dekker MD:DUTCHER, JOB:03309, PAGE: viii 5358-5_Dutcher_Contributors_R2_060704 Contributors ix Fre´de´ric Tessier Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario,Canada JoostH.J.vanOpheusden MathematicsandStatisticsGroup,Wageningen University,Wageningen,TheNetherlands Rickey Y. Yada Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph,Ontario,Canada Copyright © 2005 by Marcel Dekker MD:DUTCHER, JOB: 03309,PAGE:ix
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