Soda Lakes of East Africa PDF
Preview Soda Lakes of East Africa
Michael Schagerl Editor Soda Lakes of East Africa Soda Lakes of East Africa . Michael Schagerl Editor Soda Lakes of East Africa Editor MichaelSchagerl DepartmentofLimnologyandBio-Oceanography UniversityofVienna Vienna Austria ISBN978-3-319-28620-4 ISBN978-3-319-28622-8 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-28622-8 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016949068 #SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway, andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware, orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesare exemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationin thisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material containedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerland Preface Itwasaround16yearsago,whenIgottheopportunitytotakemyfirstsmall steps in Kenya. I remember so well the flurry of excitement for this “unknown”continentandmyfirstvisittoBaringo/Bogoria.Afterfortifying myself with the traditional foods Njama Joma and Samaki, I put on my sandals for night sampling because of the hot temperatures, but was fortu- natelystoppedjustintimebyalocalresidentwhocarefullyliftedupstones and showed me—the “mzungu” (Swahili word for white people)—some scorpions and dangerous centipedes. On the next day, we travelled to Bogoria,andanastoundingnewworldopeneditselfuptome:heat,geysers, hundreds of thousands of flamingos, the characteristic pungent smell of the soda lake, the soapy water, and an incredibly vast amount of the cyanoprokaryote Arthrospira. This switched a button in me and I decided onthespottofocusontheseastonishingsystems.IamquitesurethatIshare thisexperiencewiththeauthorsofthisbook. Itisaprivilegetoworkinsystemswheretouristsspendtheirholidays,and we scientists are often envied for our workplaces. Of course, unforgettable momentsareinseparablylinkedtosuchsites,butwealsofaceawiderange of challenges and hardships. Very basic accommodations, heat, wild and dangerous animals, bad roads with terrible traffic, and frequent power cuts impedetheexhaustingfieldwork.Nottomentiongettingourequipmentand instruments from our home universities to their deployment sites. These hurdles are part of the game, but they are far outweighed by the highly interesting systems and their organisms, by the incredible scenery, and by newfriendships.Ihopethatthecontributionsofthisbookpromptthesparkto leapovertoyoureaders. Without my colleagues, all of them renowned authorities in their fields, such abookwouldhave never been possible.Iam deeplyindebtedtothem fortheirpatience,forsharingknowledgeandinvestingtheirvaluabletimein thisbookproject,andforfindingawaytodealwithmymanyinquiriesand specialrequests.Iamgreatlyobligedtomanyreviewers,whohelpedfurther shape the contributions. They are (in alphabetical order): Janine Adams, Bertram Boehrer, Jens Boenigk, Margaret Brock, Paul Antony Chakkiath, GudrunDeBoeck,PawanKDadheech,JennyADay,GenovevaF.Esteban, Bland J. Finlay, Franz Jirsa, Thomas C Johnson, Elizabeth Kebede Westhead, Noha M. Mesbah, Paul Oberholster, Eric Odada, Aharon Oren, v vi Preface Judit Padisa´k, Friedrich Schiemer, Manfred Strecker, Petra Sumasgutner, Dirk Verschuren Johann Waringer, and 4 anonymous reviewers. Ulrike Stricker-Komba and Stephan Klapp (both Springer publishing house) took verypersonalcareofthebookproject,mydaughterHannahprovidedsome beautifulgraphs,BarbaraMa¨hnertcheckedfortypingerrors,editedhundreds of references, and compiled the indices, and Michael Stachowitsch completedthe“productionchain”withprofessionalcopy-editing. Ascommonforscientificpublications,theauthorsandreviewersprovided theirknowledgeandtimeforfree.Theroyaltiesoftheeditorarebeingfully € donated for Africa projects to MSF Medecins Sans Frontieres (Arzte ohne Grenzen), who daily risk their lives helping others. Although travels to remote areas are always linked to risks, our families allowed us to pursue ourvocations.Theyenabledustoliveourdreamsand,therefore,Idedicate this book to the families of all authors. May this book, like all wonderful ecosystems,bemuchmorethanthesumofitsparts. December2015 MichaelSchagerl Preface vii Challenges.(a)corruption;(b) longdiscussionswithethnicgroupsforsamplingpermission;(c)electricalconnections andpowerfailures;(d)sometimeslocalfood;(e,f)dangerousanimals;(g)badroadsandquicksand;(h)verybasic accommodations viii Preface Unforgettable moments. (a, b) stunning landscapes; (c, d, e) dipping into other cultures; (f, g) hospitality; (h) friendship;(i)Buna(Ethiopiancoffee)inastreetstallduringasamplingtripand(j)Tuskerbaridi(coldbeer)aftera longandhardfieldtrip Contents PartI Genesis,PhysicsandChemistry 1 DippingintotheSodaLakesofEastAfrica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 MichaelSchagerlandRobinW.Renaut 2 GenesisoftheEastAfricanRiftSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 GidayWoldeGabriel,DanielOlago,EdwinDindi, andMikeOwor 3 MorphometryandPhysicalProcessesofEastAfricanSoda Lakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 JohnM.MelackandSallyMacIntyre 4 GeochemistryofAfricanSodaLakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 DanielM.DeocampoandRobinW.Renaut PartII OrganismsandTheirInteractions 5 Bacteria,ArchaeaandVirusesofSodaLakes. . . . . . . . . . . . 97 WilliamD.GrantandBrianE.Jones 6 TinyandTough:MicrophytesofEastAfricanSodaLakes. . . 149 LotharKrienitzandMichaelSchagerl 7 TheProtozoaofSodaLakesinEastAfrica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 AndrewW.YasindiandWilliamD.Taylor 8 InvertebratesofEastAfricanSodaLakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 SeyoumMengistou 9 FishPopulationsinEastAfricanSalineLakes. . . . . . . . . . . . 227 GeraldineD.Kavembe,AxelMeyer,andChrisM.Wood 10 LesserFlamingoasaCentralElementoftheEastAfrican Avifauna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 LotharKrienitz,BarbaraMa¨hnert,andMichaelSchagerl 11 VascularPlantsinEasternAfricaRiftValleySaline Wetlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 JuliusKipkemboi ix
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