Sociology: Understanding and Changing the Social World, Comprehensive Edition Version 3.0

654 Pages·2021·28.206 MB·English

by  Steven Barkan

Sociology
Understanding and Changing the Social World,
Comprehensive Edition
Version 3.0
Steven E. Barkan
978-1-4533-3538-3
© 2021 Boston Academic Publishing, Inc., d.b.a FlatWorld. All rights reserved.
Sociology: Understanding and Changing the Social World,
Comprehensive Edition
Version 3.0
Steven E. Barkan
Published by:
FlatWorld
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©2021byBoston Academic Publishing, Inc. d.b.a. FlatWorld
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Gen:202203262127
© 2021 Boston Academic Publishing, Inc., d.b.a FlatWorld. All rights reserved.
Brief Contents
About the Author
Acknowledgments
Preface
PPAARRTT 11 Introducing Sociology
Chapter 1 Sociology and the Sociological Perspective
Chapter 2 Eye on Society: Doing Sociological Research
PPAARRTT 22 The Basics of Social Life
Chapter 3 Culture
Chapter 4 Socialization
Chapter 5 Social Structure and Social Interaction
Chapter 6 Groups and Organizations
Chapter 7 Deviance, Crime, and Social Control
PPAARRTT 33 Social Inequalities
Chapter 8 Social Stratification
Chapter 9 Global Stratification
Chapter 10 Race and Ethnicity
Chapter 11 Gender and Gender Inequality
Chapter 12 Aging and Older Adults
PPAARRTT 44 Social Institutions
Chapter 13 Work and the Economy
Chapter 14 Politics and Government
Chapter 15 The Family
Chapter 16 Education
Chapter 17 Religion
Chapter 18 Health and Medicine
PPAARRTT 55 Social Change
Chapter 19 Population and Urbanization
Chapter 20 Social Change and the Environment
Chapter 21 Collective Behavior and Social Movements
© 2021 Boston Academic Publishing, Inc., d.b.a FlatWorld. All rights reserved.
Chapter 22 Conclusion: Understanding and Changing the Social World
Index
© 2021 Boston Academic Publishing, Inc., d.b.a FlatWorld. All rights reserved.
Contents
About the Author 1
Acknowledgments 3
Preface 5
PPAARRTT 11 Introducing Sociology 11
Chapter 1 Sociology and the Sociological Perspective 13
1.1 The Sociological Perspective 13
1.2 Understanding Society 18
The Debunking Motif 18
Social Structure and the Sociological Imagination 19
Sociology and Social Reform: Public Sociology 22
1.3 Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology 24
Macro and Micro Approaches 24
Functionalism 25
Conflict Theory 27
Symbolic Interactionism 28
Utilitarianism 29
Comparing Macro and Micro Perspectives 30
1.4 End-of-Chapter Material 31
1.5 Endnotes 32
Chapter 2 Eye on Society: Doing Sociological Research 33
2.1 Social Issues in the News 33
2.2 Sociology as a Social Science 34
How Do We Know What We Think We Know? 35
The Scientific Method 38
2.3 Stages in the Sociological Research Process 40
Choosing a Research Topic 40
Conducting a Literature Review 42
Formulating a Hypothesis 42
Measuring Variables and Gathering Data 44
Analyzing Data 46
Drawing a Conclusion 49
2.4 Research Design in Sociology 50
Types of Sociological Research 51
2.5 Ethical Issues in Sociological Research 54
2.6 Sociological Research in the Service of Society 57
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2.7 End-of-Chapter Material 58
2.8 Endnotes 59
PPAARRTT 22 The Basics of Social Life 61
Chapter 3 Culture 63
3.1 Social Issues in the News 63
3.2 Culture and the Sociological Perspective 64
Culture and Biology 65
3.3 The Elements of Culture 67
Symbols 67
Language 68
Norms 71
Values 75
Artifacts 80
3.4 Cultural Diversity 82
Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism 84
3.5 End-of-Chapter Material 85
3.6 Endnotes 86
Chapter 4 Socialization 89
4.1 Social Issues in the News 89
4.2 The Importance of Socialization 90
4.3 Explaining Socialization 92
Sociological Explanations: The Development of the Self 93
Social-Psychological Explanations: Personality and Cognitive and Moral Development 95
Erikson and Identity Development 98
4.4 Agents of Socialization 99
The Family 99
Schools 103
Peers 103
The Mass Media 104
Religion 105
4.5 Socialization Through the Life Course 107
Childhood 107
Adolescence 108
Adulthood 109
Old Age 110
4.6 Resocialization and Total Institutions 111
4.7 Socialization Practices and Improving Society 112
4.8 End-of-Chapter Material 113
4.9 Endnotes 114
Chapter 5 Social Structure and Social Interaction 117
5.1 Social Issues in the News 117
5.2 Social Structure: The Building Blocks of Social Life 117
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Statuses 118
Roles 120
Social Networks 121
Groups and Organizations 121
Social Institutions 121
Societies 122
5.3 The Development of Modern Society 123
Hunting-and-Gathering Societies 124
Horticultural and Pastoral Societies 124
Agricultural Societies 125
Industrial Societies 126
Postindustrial Societies 127
5.4 Social Interaction in Everyday Life 128
Roles and Social Interaction 129
Dramaturgy and Impression Management 132
Emotions and Social Interaction 136
5.5 End-of-Chapter Material 140
5.6 Endnotes 141
Chapter 6 Groups and Organizations 143
6.1 Social Issues in the News 143
6.2 Social Groups 143
Primary and Secondary Groups 144
Reference Groups 146
In-Groups and Out-Groups 147
Social Networks 147
6.3 Group Dynamics and Behavior 149
The Importance of Group Size 150
Group Leadership and Decision Making 152
Groups, Roles, and Conformity 154
6.4 Formal Organizations 160
Types of Formal Organizations 160
Bureaucracies: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly 162
Michels’s Iron Law of Oligarchy 164
Gender, Race, and Formal Organizations 164
6.5 Groups, Organizations, and Social Change 167
Vehicles for Social Change 167
Obstacles to Social Change 168
Changing Groups and Organizations from Within 168
6.6 End-of-Chapter Material 169
6.7 Endnotes 171
Chapter 7 Deviance, Crime, and Social Control 173
7.1 Social Issues in the News 173
7.2 Social Control and the Relativity of Deviance 173
7.3 Explaining Deviance 176
© 2021 Boston Academic Publishing, Inc., d.b.a FlatWorld. All rights reserved.
Functionalist Explanations 177
Conflict and Feminist Explanations 182
Symbolic Interactionist Explanations 184
7.4 Crime and Criminals 186
Crime and Public Opinion 186
The Measurement of Crime 188
The Types and Correlates of Crime and Victimization 190
7.5 The Get-Tough Approach: Boon or Bust? 198
7.6 End-of-Chapter Material 201
7.7 Endnotes 202
PPAARRTT 33 Social Inequalities 205
Chapter 8 Social Stratification 207
8.1 Social Issues in the News 207
8.2 Systems of Stratification 208
Slavery 209
Estate Systems 210
Caste Systems 210
Class Systems 211
Classless Societies 212
8.3 Explaining Stratification 212
The Functionalist View 213
The Conflict View 215
Symbolic Interactionism 216
8.4 Social Class in the United States 217
Measuring Social Class 217
The American Class Structure 219
Social Mobility 221
8.5 Economic Inequality and Poverty in the United States 224
Economic Inequality 224
Poverty 226
Explaining Poverty 229
The Effects of Poverty 231
8.6 End-of-Chapter Material 233
8.7 Endnotes 234
Chapter 9 Global Stratification 237
9.1 Social Issues in the News 237
9.2 The Nature and Extent of Global Stratification 237
Classifying Global Stratification 239
Global Poverty 242
Global Inequality 245
9.3 The Impact of Global Poverty 247
Human Development 247
The Status of Women 253
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The Status of Children 255
9.4 Explaining Global Stratification 256
Modernization Theory 257
Dependency Theory 258
9.5 End-of-Chapter Material 261
9.6 Endnotes 262
Chapter 10 Race and Ethnicity 265
10.1 Social Issues in the News 265
10.2 Racial and Ethnic Relations: An American Dilemma 266
10.3 The Meaning of Race and Ethnicity 268
Race 269
Ethnicity 271
10.4 Prejudice 272
Explaining Prejudice 273
Correlates of Prejudice 277
The Changing Nature of Prejudice 278
Prejudice and Public Policy Preferences 279
10.5 Discrimination 281
Individual Discrimination 283
Institutional Discrimination 284
10.6 Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the United States 289
The Hidden Toll of Racial and Ethnic Inequality 290
Explaining Racial and Ethnic Inequality 291
The Benefits of Being White 293
10.7 Race and Ethnicity in the 21st Century 294
Affirmative Action 295
Immigration 296
10.8 End-of-Chapter Material 299
10.9 Endnotes 300
Chapter 11 Gender and Gender Inequality 303
11.1 Social Issues in the News 303
11.2 Understanding Sex and Gender 304
Gender as a Social Construction 304
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity 306
The Development of Gender Differences 307
Biology and Gender 308
Culture and Gender 310
Socialization and Gender 311
A Final Word on the Sources of Gender 315
11.3 Feminism and Sexism 316
The Growth of Feminism and the Decline of Sexism 318
Correlates of Feminism 318
11.4 Gender Inequality 320
Income and Workplace Inequality 320
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Women of Color: A Triple Burden 326
LGBTQ+ Status and Inequality 327
Household Inequality 327
11.5 Violence Against Women: Rape and Pornography 329
Rape 329
Pornography 331
11.6 The Benefits and Costs of Being Male 333
Benefits 333
Costs 333
11.7 End-of-Chapter Material 335
11.8 Endnotes 336
Chapter 12 Aging and Older Adults 339
12.1 Social Issues in the News 339
12.2 Gerontology and the Concept of Aging 340
12.3 The Perception and Experience of Aging 342
Aging in Preindustrial Societies 342
Aging in Western Cultures 343
12.4 Sociological Perspectives on Aging 344
12.5 Life Expectancy, Aging, and the Graying of Society 346
Life Expectancy in the United States 348
Inequality in Life Expectancy 349
12.6 Biological and Psychological Aspects of Aging 351
Enhancing Vitality for Successful Aging 352
12.7 Older Adults in the United States 355
Profile of Older Americans 355
Problems Facing Older Americans 356
Senior Power: Older Americans as a Political Force 362
12.8 End-of-Chapter Material 365
12.9 Endnotes 366
PPAARRTT 44 Social Institutions 369
Chapter 13 Work and the Economy 371
13.1 Social Issues in the News 371
13.2 Economic Development in Historical Perspective 372
Preindustrial Societies 372
Industrialization and the Division of Labor 373
Postindustrial Societies 374
13.3 Types of Economic Systems 375
Capitalism 375
Socialism 376
Comparing Capitalism and Socialism 376
13.4 Corporations 379
13.5 Work and Labor in the United States 380
Workers and Management After Industrialization 381
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