Sociology: The Essentials , Sixth Edition

529 Pages·2010·30.78 MB·English

by  Margaret L. Andersen

Provided as a reference for the “viewing society in global perspective” maps that appear throughout the text
Greenland Sweden Finland
Iceland
U.S. Norway
United 2
Canada Kingdom Russia
Ire land
Ukraine
France Kazakhstan Mongolia
Spain Nor th Korea
3 Kyrgyzstan
United States Por tugal Turkey Ta jikistan
Afghanistan
Morocco Tunisia Iraq IKraunwait Nepal BhutBaanngladesh South Japan
Mexico CubHaa iti Dominican Republic WSaehsaterran Algeria Libya Egypt SAaruadbiiaBahrainQUantaiterd PakIinstdaina China HongK ToKa roeiwnaag n
GuEal NtSeiacmlavaarlaadgour a BeliHzeo nduJaramsaicaVPe uneerGz touu yeRalainc ao Mauritania Mali NigNeigriear Chad SuEdraitnre a Ye OmmeAEn mraa nibrates BThuarmilaand Laos Philippines
Costa Rica Suriname Ethiopia Djibouti Sri Lanka Cambodia Vietnam
ColPoamnbaiam a F(Freranncche G) uiana 1 Central African USgoamnKdaealinaya Malaysia PNaepwu Ga uinea
Ecuador Republic Rwanda
Burundi Singapor e
Democratic Republic Indonesia
Brazil Ta nzania
of the Congo Angola Mozambique
Peru Malawi
Zambia
Bolivia Madagascar
Zimbabwe
Botswana
Paraguay Namibia Australia
Swaziland
Chile
South Africa Lesotho
Uruguay
Argentina
New
2 Norway
Zealand
Sweden
Estonia
Denmark Latvia Russia
Lithuania
Netherlands
Belgium
Mauritania Belarus
Niger Poland Antarc tica
The Senegal Chad Ger ma ny
Gambia Mali Czech
GBiusisnaeua- Guinea BFausrkoi na Nigeria SwLiutzxeermlabnodu rg AuRsetpriuab lHicuSnlogvaaryk ia UkraMinoel dova Georgia Uzbekistan 3
Sierra Coˆte Romania Armenia Azerbaijan
Leone D’Ivoire Slovenia Croatia Turkmenistan
Ghana France Italy SMeornbtiean aengdro Turkey
Liberia Benin Cameroon
Bosnia and Bulgaria
Togo Corsica Herzegovina
Lebanon Syria
Equatorial Guinea Sardinia The Former Iran
Gabon Albania Yugoslav Israel Iraq
1 Republic Greece Republic of
of the Congo Sicily Macedonia Jordan
SIXTH EDITION
S O C I O L O G Y
[ ]
T H E E S S E N T I A L S
Margaret L. Andersen
University of Delaware
Howard F. Taylor
Princeton University
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Sociology: The Essentials, Sixth Edition © 2011, 2009 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Margaret L. Andersen and Howard F. Taylor
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein
may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means
Senior Publisher: Linda Schreiber
graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying,
Associate Developmental Editor: Dan
recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks,
Moneypenny
or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under
Assistant Editor: Erin Parkins Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior
Editorial Assistant: Rachael Krapf written permission of the publisher.
Media Editor: Lauren Keyes
For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Marketing Manager: Andrew Keay
Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706.
Marketing Assistant: Jillian Myers
For permission to use material from this text or product,
Marketing Communications Manager: Laura submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions.
Localio Further permissions questions may be e-mailed to
[email protected].
Content Project Manager: Cheri Palmer
Creative Director: Rob Hugel
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009936913
Art Director: Caryl Gorska
ISBN-13: 978-0-495-81223-4
Print Buyer: Linda Hsu
Rights Acquisitions Account Manager, Text: ISBN-10: 0-495-81223-4
Roberta Broyer
Rights Acquisitions Account Manager, Image: Wadsworth
Don Schlotman 20 Davis Drive
Production Service: TBC Project Management Belmont, CA 94002-3098
USA
Text Designer: Riezebos Holzbaur Design Group
Photo Researcher: Kelly Franz
Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with
Copy Editor: Jane Loftus
offi ce locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom,
Illustrator: Macmillan Publishing Solutions Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local offi ce at
Cover Designer: Lee Friedman www.cengage.com/global.
Cover Image: © Michael Christopher Brown/
Corbis Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd.
Compositor: Macmillan Publishing Solutions
To learn more about Wadsworth, visit www.cengage.com/wadsworth
Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred
online store www.ichapters.com.
D E D I C AT I O N
To Richard and Pat, with love
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09
B R I E F C O N T E N T S
1
Part One
INTRODUCING THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION
1. The Sociological Perspective 3
2
Part Two
STUDYING SOCIETY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE
2. Culture and the Media 25
3. Doing Sociological Research 55
4. Socialization and the Life Course 73
5. Social Interaction and Social Structure 101
6. Groups and Organizations 127
7. Deviance and Crime 151
3
Part Three
SOCIAL INEQUALITIES
8. Social Class and Social Stratifi cation 179
9. Global Stratifi cation 211
10. Race and Ethnicity 235
11. Gender 263
12. Sexuality 289
4
Part Four
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
13. Families and Religion 313
14. Education and Health Care 345
15. Politics and the Economy 371
5
Part Five
SOCIAL CHANGE
16. Population, the Environment, and Social Change 401
This page intentionally left blank
C O N T E N T S
PART ONE Introducing the Sociological Beliefs 36
Values 36
Imagination
Cultural Diversity 37
Chapter 1 Dominant Culture 38
Subcultures 39
The Sociological P erspective Countercultures 40
3
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism 40
What Is Sociology? 4 The Globalization of Culture 41
The Sociological Perspective 5 The Mass Media and Popular Culture 42
Discovering Unsettling Facts 7 The Organization of Mass Media 42
Debunking in Sociology 7 The Media and Popular Culture 43
Establishing Critical Distance 9 Race, Gender, and Class in the Media 44
The Signifi cance of Diversity 10 Theoretical Perspectives on Culture and
Defi ning Diversity 10 the Media 46
Society in Global Perspective 12 Culture and Group Solidarity 47
Culture, Power, and Social Confl ict 47
The Development of Sociological
Symbolic Interaction and the Study of Culture 48
Theory 13
Cultural Change 49
The Infl uence of the Enlightenment 13
Classical Sociological Theory 14 Culture Lag 50
Sociology in America 17 Sources of Cultural Change 50
Theoretical Frameworks in Sociology 18 Chapter Summary 52
Functionalism 18 DOING SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: Tattoos: Status Risk or Status
Symbol? 30
Confl ict Theory 20
Symbolic Interaction 20 UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY: The Social Meaning of Language 34
Diverse Theoretical Perspectives 21 WHAT WOULD THEY SAY NOW? Classical Theorists on Hip-Hop! 49
Chapter Summary 22 A SOCIOLOGICAL EYE ON THE MEDIA: The Blogging Culture 51
DOING SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: Debunking the Myths of Black
Teenage Motherhood 8 Chapter 3
UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY: Become a Sociologist 10
Doing Sociological
WHAT WOULD THEY SAY NOW? Classical Theorists Refl ect on the
War in Iraq 15 Research
55
CAREERS IN SOCIOLOGY 22
The Research Process 56
Sociology and the Scientifi c Method 56
PART TWO Studying Society and Social
Research Design 57
Structure
The Tools of Sociological Research 63
The Survey: Polls, Questionnaires,
Chapter 2
and Interviews 63
Participant Observation 65
Culture and the Media
25 Controlled Experiments 66
Content Analysis 67
Defi ning Culture 27
Historical Research 67
Characteristics of Culture 28 Evaluation Research 68
The Elements of Culture 31
Language 31
Norms 34
v
vi
Contents
Research Ethics: Is Sociology Chapter 5
Value Free? 68
Social Interaction and
Chapter Summary 70
Social Structure
101
A SOCIOLOGICAL EYE ON THE MEDIA: Research and the
Media 60 What Is Society? 102
STATISTICS IN SOCIOLOGY 64
Macro- and Microanalysis 102
DOING SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: A Cop in the Hood: Participant Social Institutions 103
Observation 70 Social Structure 104
What Holds Society Together? 104
Chapter 4
Mechanical and Organic Solidarity 104
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft 105
Socialization and the Life
Types of Societies 105
Course
73
Preindustrial Societies 106
The Socialization Process 74 Industrial Societies 107
Postindustrial Societies 109
The Nature–Nurture Controversy 76
Socialization as Social Control 76 Social Interaction and Society 109
Conformity and Individuality 77
Groups 109
The Consequences of Socialization 77
Status 110
Agents of Socialization 78 Roles 111
Everyday Social Interaction 112
The Family 78
Interpersonal Attraction 114
The Media 79
Peers 79 Theories About Analyzing Social
Religion 80 Interaction 116
Sports 81
The Social Construction of Reality 117
Schools 81
Ethnomethodology 117
Theories of Socialization 82 Impression Management and Dramaturgy 118
Psychoanalytic Theory 82 Social Exchange and Game Theory 119
Social Learning Theory 83 Interaction in Cyberspace 120
Functionalism and Confl ict Theory 84
Symbolic Interaction Theory 85 Chapter Summary 124
Growing Up in a Diverse Society 87 DOING SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: Doing Hair, Doing Class 120
Aging and the Life Course 88
[
seeing society in
Childhood 88
eevveerryyddaayy lliiffee
Adolescence 88
Adulthood 90
Age and Aging 91 Social Interaction in an Age
Rites of Passage 95 of Technology 122
Resocialization 96
The Process of Conversion 97
The Brainwashing Debate 97 Chapter 6
Chapter Summary 98
Groups and Organizations
127
UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY: My Childhood
(Bong Hwan Kim) 75 Types of Groups 128
DOING SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: Children’s Understanding
Dyads and Triads: Group Size Effects 129
of Race 89
Primary and Secondary Groups 129
Reference Groups 131
In-Groups and Out-Groups 132
Social Networks 133
vii
Contents
Social Infl uence in Groups 134 A SOCIOLOGICAL EYE ON THE MEDIA: Images of Violent Crime 167
The Asch Conformity Experiment 135 UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY: The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get
Prison 171
The Milgram Obedience Studies 135
The Iraqi Prisoners at Abu Ghraib: Research
Predicts Reality? 137
Groupthink 137
PART THREE Social Inequalities
Risky Shift 138
Formal Organizations and
Chapter 8
Bureaucracies 139
Social Class and Social
Types of Organizations 140
Bureaucracy 141
Stratifi cation
179
Bureaucracy’s Other Face 141
Problems of Bureaucracies 142 Social Differentiation and Social
The McDonaldization of Society 144
Stratifi cation 180
Diversity: Race, Gender, and Class in
Estate, Caste, and Class 181
Organizations 145 Defi ning Class 182
The Class Structure of the United
Functional, Confl ict, and Symbolic
Interaction: Theoretical Perspectives 146 States 183
Layers of Social Class 187
Chapter Summary 147 Class Confl ict 189
DOING SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: Sharing the Journey 130 Growing Inequality and the Distribution of
Wealth and Income 190
Chapter 7 Diverse Sources of Stratifi cation 194
Deviance and Crime
151
[
seeing society in
Defi ning Deviance 152 eevveerryyddaayy lliiffee
Sociological Perspectives on Deviance 152
The Medicalization of Deviance 154 Social Inequality 184
Sociological Theories of Deviance 155
Functionalist Theories of Deviance 155
Confl ict Theories of Deviance 159
Social Mobility: Myths and Realities 195
Symbolic Interaction Theories of Deviance 161
Defi ning Social Mobility 196
Forms of Deviance 164 The Extent of Social Mobility 196
Mental Illness 164 Class Consciousness 196
Social Stigmas 164
Why Is There Inequality? 197
Substance Abuse: Drugs and Alcohol 165
Karl Marx: Class and Capitalism 197
Crime and Criminal Justice 165 Max Weber: Class, Status, and Party 198
Measuring Crime: How Much Is There? 166 Functionalism and Confl ict Theory: The Continuing
Organized Crime 169 Debate 199
Corporate Crime and Deviance: Doing Well,
Poverty 202
Doing Time 169
Who Are the Poor? 202
Race, Class, Gender, and Crime 170
Causes of Poverty 204
The Criminal Justice System: Police, Courts,
Welfare and Social Policy 206
and the Law 172
Terrorism as International Crime: Chapter Summary 208
A Global Perspective 175 DOING SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: The Fragile Middle Class 193
A SOCIOLOGICAL EYE ON THE MEDIA: Reproducing Class
Chapter Summary 175 Stereotypes 197
WHAT WOULD THEY SAY NOW? Classical Theorists Refl ect on School WHAT WOULD THEY SAY NOW? Classical Theorists Reflect on Social
Shootings 158 Class and Sports 201
viii
Contents
Chapter 9 Diverse Groups, Diverse Histories 246
Native Americans: The First of This Land 247
Global Stratifi cation
211 African Americans 248
Latinos 249
Global Stratifi cation 212
Asian Americans 250
Rich and Poor 212 Middle Easterners 252
Global Networks of Power and Infl uence 215 White Ethnic Groups 252
Race and Global Inequality 216
Attaining Racial and Ethnic Equality:
Theories of Global Stratifi cation 217
The Challenge 254
Modernization Theory 217
The White Immigrants Made It: Why Can’t
Dependency Theory 218
They? 254
World Systems Theory 219
Segregation and the Urban Underclass 255
Consequences of Global Stratifi cation 221 The Relative Importance of Class and Race 256
The Civil Rights Strategy 256
Population 221
Radical Social Change 258
Health and Environment 222
Affi rmative Action 258
Education and Illiteracy 223
Gender Inequality 223 Chapter Summary 260
War and Terrorism 223
DOING SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: American Apartheid 255
World Poverty 225 UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY: Race and Hurricane Katrina 257
Who Are the World’s Poor? 226
Women and Children in Poverty 227 Chapter 11
Poverty and Hunger 227
Causes of World Poverty 229 Gender
263
Globalization and Social Change 230
The Social Construction of Gender 264
Chapter Summary 231 Defi ning Sex and Gender 265
DOING SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: Servants of Globalization: Who Sex Differences: Nature or Nurture? 265
Does the Domestic Work? 216
Gender Socialization 267
UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY: War, Childhood, and Poverty 228
The Formation of Gender Identity 267
Sources of Gender Socialization 270
Chapter 10
The Price of Conformity 272
Race, Gender, and Identity 272
Race and Ethnicity 235 Gender Socialization and Homophobia 274
The Institutional Basis of Gender 274
Race and Ethnicity 236
Gender Stratifi cation 275
Ethnicity 236
Sexism and Patriarchy 275
Race 236
Women’s Worth: Still Unequal 276
Minority and Dominant Groups 239
The Devaluation of Women’s Work 279
Racial Stereotypes 240 Balancing Work and Family 280
Stereotypes and Salience 240
Theories of Gender 281
The Interplay Among Race, Gender, and Class
The Frameworks of Sociology 281
Stereotypes 240
Feminist Theory 282
Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism 241
Gender in Global Perspective 283
Prejudice 241
Discrimination 242 Gender and Social Change 284
Racism 243
Contemporary Attitudes 284
Theories of Prejudice and Racism 244 Legislative Change 285
Psychological Theories of Prejudice 245
Sociological Theories of Prejudice and Racism 245