Sociology: The Essentials PDF
Preview Sociology: The Essentials
`Ìi`ÊÜÌ ÊÌ iÊ`iÊÛiÀÃÊvÊ vÝÊ*ÀÊ*Ê `ÌÀÊ /ÊÀiÛiÊÌ ÃÊÌVi]ÊÛÃÌ\Ê ÜÜÜ°Vi°VÉÕV° Ì 03083_SIND_ptg01.indd 460 18/08/15 10:52 AM 9e Sociology `Ìi`ÊÜÌ ÊÌ iÊ`iÊÛiÀÃÊvÊ vÝÊ*ÀÊ*Ê `ÌÀÊ the essentials /ÊÀiÛiÊÌ ÃÊÌVi]ÊÛÃÌ\Ê ÜÜÜ°Vi°VÉÕV° Ì Margaret L. Andersen University of Delaware Howard F. Taylor Princeton University With Kim A. Logio Saint Joseph's University Australia ● Brazil ● Mexico ● Singapore ● United Kingdom ● United States i Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 03083_fm_ptg01.indd 1 18/08/15 10:49 AM `Ìi`ÊÜÌ ÊÌ iÊ`iÊÛiÀÃÊvÊ This is an electronic version of vtheÝ pÊr*inÀt texÊtb*ook. DÊu e t`o elÌectrÀoÊnic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title /at anÊyÀ itime if sÛubiseÊqÌu ent ÃriÊghts reÌstrVicitio]nÊsÛ reÃquiÌre\ Êit. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengaÜge.cÜomÜ/hi°ghVeired to° sVearch bÉyÕ ISBN#,V aut°h orÌ, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the eBook version. Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 03083_SIND_ptg01.indd 460 18/08/15 10:52 AM Sociology: The Essentials, Ninth Edition © 2017, 2015 Cengage Learning Margaret L. Andersen, Howard F. Taylor, WCN: 02-200-203 and Kim A. Logio ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein Product Director: Marta Lee-Perriard may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means Product Manager: Elizabeth Beiting-Lipps graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, Content Developer: John Chell or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Product Assistant: Chelsea Meredith Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior Marketing Manager: Kara Kindstrom written permission of the publisher. Content Project Manager: Cheri Palmer Art Director: Vernon Boes For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 Manufacturing Planner: Judy Inouye For permission to use material from this text or product, Production Service: Jill Traut, MPS Limited submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Photo Researcher: Lumina Datamatrics Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to Brief Contents PART ONE Introducing the Sociological Imagination 1 Te Sociological Perspective 3 PART TWO Studying Society and Social Structure 2 Culture 27 3 Doing Sociological Research 57 4 Socialization and the Life Course 77 5 Social Structure and Social Interaction 103 6 Groups and Organizations 125 `Ìi`ÊÜÌ ÊÌ iÊ`iÊÛiÀÃÊvÊ 7 Deviance and CvrÝimÊ*eÀ 14Ê7*Ê `ÌÀÊ PART THRE/EÊ ÀSiociaÛli IÊnÌe qÃuÊalitÌieVis]ÊÛÃÌ\Ê 8 Social Class aÜndÜ SÜo°ciVail Str°VatifcÉaÕtion V169° Ì 9 Global Stratifcation 201 10 Race and Ethnicity 227 11 Gender 253 12 Sexuality 281 PART FOUR Social Institutions 13 Families and Religion 307 14 Education and Health Care 339 15 Economy and Politics 363 PART FIVE Social Change 16 Environment, Population, and Social Change 393 iii Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 03083_fm_ptg01.indd 3 18/08/15 10:49 AM Contents PART ONE Introducing the Sociological Imagination 1 The Sociological Perspective 3 What Is Sociology? 4 Symbolic Interaction 21 The Sociological Perspective 6 Feminist Theory 22 Discovering Unsettling Facts 8 Chapter Summary 24 Debunking in Sociology 9 Key Sociological Concepts 5 Establishing Critical Distance 11 What Would a Sociologist Say? The Signifcance of Diversity 11 Getting Pregnant: A Very Social Act 6 Defning Diversity 11 Society in Global Perspective 13 Doing Sociological Research Debunking the Myths of Black Teenage The Development of Sociological Motherhood 10 Theory 14 The Infuence of the Enlightenment 14 Understanding Diversity Classical Sociological Theory 15 Become a Sociologist 12 Sociology in the United States 17 What Would a Sociologist Say? Theoretical Frameworks in Sociology 18 Suicide among Veterans 16 Functionalism 20 Confict Theory 21 Careers in Sociology 22 PART TWO Studying Society and Social Structure 2 Culture 27 Defning Culture 28 The Mass Media and Popular Culture 43 The Power of Culture: Ethnocentrism, The Organization of Mass Media 45 Cultural Relativism, and Culture The Media and Popular Culture 46 Shock 30 Race, Gender, and Class Characteristics of Culture 32 in the Media 47 The Elements of Culture 34 Theoretical Perspectives Language 34 on Culture and the Media 49 Norms 36 Culture and Group Solidarity 49 Beliefs 37 Culture, Power, and Social Confict 50 Values 37 Symbolic Interaction and the Study Cultural Diversity 39 of Culture 51 Feminist Theory and Culture 52 Dominant Culture 40 Subcultures 41 Cultural Change 52 Countercultures 42 Culture Lag 53 The Globalization of Culture 42 Sources of Cultural Change 53 iv Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 03083_fm_ptg01.indd 4 18/08/15 10:49 AM Chapter Summary 54 A Sociological Eye on the Media Death of a Superstar 44 Doing Sociological Research Contents Tattoos: Status Risk or Status Symbol? 33 What Would a Sociologist Say? Classical Theorists on Hip-Hop! 51 Understanding Diversity The Social Meaning of Language 38 3 Doing Sociological Research 57 The Research Process 58 Participant Observation 66 Sociology and the Scientifc Controlled Experiments 67 Method 58 Content Analysis 68 Inductive and Deductive Historical Research 70 Reasoning 58 Evaluation Research 71 Research Design 59 Research Ethics: Is Sociology Value Free? 72 Developing a Research Question 59 Creating a Research Design 60 Chapter Summary 74 Quantitative versus Qualitative A Sociological Eye on the Media Research 61 Research and the Media 62 Gathering Data 64 Analyzing the Data 65 Statistics in Sociology 68 Reaching Conclusions and Reporting Doing Sociological Research Results 65 The “Baby einstein” Program: A Farce? 71 The Tools of Sociological Research 66 Doing Sociological Research The Survey: Polls, Questionnaires, A Cop in the Hood: Participant observation 73 and Interviews 66 4 Socialization and the Life Course 77 The Socialization Process 78 Aging and the Life Course 90 The Nature–Nurture Controversy 79 Childhood 91 Socialization as Social Control 80 Adolescence 91 Conformity and Individuality 80 Adulthood 92 The Consequences of Age and Aging 94 Socialization 80 Rites of Passage 97 Agents of Socialization 81 Resocialization 98 The Family 82 The Process of Conversion 99 The Media 83 The Brainwashing Debate 99 Peers 83 Chapter Summary 100 Religion 85 Sports 85 Understanding Diversity Schools 85 International Adoption and Interracial Families 79 Theories of Socialization 86 Social Learning Theory 87 What Would a Sociologist Say? Functionalism 87 Interaction in Cyberspace 84 Confict Theory 87 Symbolic Interaction Theory 87 Doing Sociological Research Race Socialization among Young Adults 92 Growing Up in a Diverse Society 90 ConTenTS v Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 03083_fm_ptg01.indd 5 18/08/15 10:49 AM 5 Social Structure and Social Interaction 103 What Is Society? 104 Theories about Analyzing Social Macroanalysis and Microanalysis 104 Interaction 117 Social Institutions 105 The Social Construction of Reality 117 Social Structure 106 Ethnomethodology 117 What Holds Society Together? 106 Impression Management and Dramaturgy 119 Mechanical and Organic Social Exchange Theory 120 Solidarity 106 Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft 107 Interaction in Cyberspace 120 Types of Societies 107 Chapter Summary 122 Preindustrial Societies 108 Doing Sociological Research Industrial Societies 109 Vegetarians versus omnivores: A Case Study Postindustrial Societies 110 of Impression Management 118 Social Interaction and Society 110 What Would a Sociologist Say? Groups 110 Text Messaging in High School 119 Status 111 Roles 112 Doing Sociological Research Everyday Social Interaction 113 Age Stereotypes on Facebook 120 6 Groups and Organizations 125 Types of Groups 126 Formal Organizations Dyads and Triads: Group and Bureaucracies 137 Size Efects 127 Types of Organizations 138 Primary and Secondary Groups 127 Bureaucracy 139 Reference Groups 129 Bureaucracy’s “Other Face” 140 In-Groups, Out-Groups, Problems of Bureaucracies 140 and Attribution Error 130 The McDonaldization of Society 141 Social Networks 131 Diversity in Organizations 142 Social Networks as “Small Functionalism, Confict Theory, Worlds” 132 and Symbolic Interaction: Theoretical Social Infuence in Groups 133 Perspectives 143 The Asch Conformity Experiment 134 Chapter Summary 144 The Milgram Obedience Studies 134 Doing Sociological Research The Iraqi Prisoners at Abu Ghraib: Sharing the Journey 128 Research Predicts Reality? 136 Groupthink 136 What Would a Sociologist Say? Risky Shift 137 Finding a Job: The Invisible Hand 132 vi ConTenTS Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 03083_fm_ptg01.indd 6 18/08/15 10:50 AM 7 Deviance and Crime 147 Defning Deviance 148 Race, Class, Gender, and Crime 163 Sociological Perspectives The Criminal Justice System: on Deviance 148 Police, Courts, and the Law 164 The Social Construction of Deviance 150 Chapter Summary 166 The Medicalization of Deviance 150 What Would a Sociologist Say? Sociological Theories of Deviance 151 Drugs as Deviance or Crime 149 Functionalist Theories of Deviance 151 Confict Theories of Deviance 154 Doing Sociological Research Symbolic Interaction Theories The Rich Get Richer and the Poor of Deviance 156 Get Prison 157 Crime and Criminal Justice 159 A Sociological Eye on the Media Measuring Crime: How Much Images of Violent Crime 161 Is There? 160 Types of Crime 160 PART THREE Social Inequalities 8 Social Class and Social Stratifcation 169 Social Diferentiation Max Weber: Class, Status, and Social Stratifcation 170 and Party 188 Estate, Caste, and Class 172 Functionalism and Confict Theory: The Continuing Debate 189 The Class Structure of the United States: Growing Poverty 190 Inequality 173 Defning Poverty 191 The Distribution of Income and Who Are the Poor? 191 Wealth 175 Causes of Poverty 194 Welfare and Social Policy 196 Analyzing Social Class 179 Chapter Summary 197 Class as a Ladder 179 Class Confict 182 What Would a Sociologist Say? Diverse Sources of Stratifcation 183 Social Class and Sports 171 Social Mobility: Myths and Understanding Diversity Realities 185 The Student Debt Crisis 177 Defning Social Mobility 186 The Extent of Social Mobility 186 Doing Sociological Research Class Consciousness 187 The Fragile Middle Class 178 Why Is There Inequality? 187 A Sociological Eye on the Media Karl Marx: Class and Capitalism 187 Reproducing Class Stereotypes 186 ConTenTS vii Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 03083_fm_ptg01.indd 7 18/08/15 10:50 AM 9 Global Stratifcation 201 Global Stratifcation 202 World Poverty 216 Rich and Poor 203 Who Are the World’s Poor? 218 Global Networks of Power Women and Children in Poverty 219 and Infuence 206 Poverty and Hunger 221 Race and Global Inequality 208 Causes of World Poverty 221 Theories of Global Stratifcation 208 Globalization and Social Change 223 Modernization Theory 208 Chapter Summary 224 Dependency Theory 209 Doing Sociological Research World Systems Theory 210 Servants of Globalization: Who Does Consequences of Global the Domestic Work? 207 Stratifcation 212 Population 212 What Would a Sociologist Say? Health and the Environment 213 Human Trafcking 219 Education and Illiteracy 214 Understanding Diversity Gender Inequality 214 War, Childhood, and Poverty 222 War and Terrorism 215 10 Race and Ethnicity 227 Race and Ethnicity 228 African Americans 241 Ethnicity 228 Latinos 242 Defning Race 228 Asian Americans 244 Minority and Dominant Groups 232 Middle Easterners 245 White Ethnic Groups 246 Racial Stereotypes 232 Attaining Racial and Ethnic Equality: Stereotypes and Salience 232 The Challenge 247 The Interplay among Race, Gender, and Class Stereotypes 233 The Civil Rights Movement 247 The Black Power Movement 248 Prejudice and Discrimination 234 Chapter Summary 250 Prejudice 234 Discrimination 234 What Would a Sociologist Say? Racism 236 What exactly Is “Race” Anyway? 231 Theories of Prejudice and Racism 238 Doing Sociological Research Diverse Groups, Diverse Histories 240 American Apartheid 236 Native Americans: The First of This Land 241 viii ConTenTS Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 03083_fm_ptg01.indd 8 18/08/15 10:50 AM
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