Sociology: The Essentials PDF
Preview Sociology: The Essentials
Provided as a reference for the “viewing society in global perspective” maps that appear throughout the text Greenland Sweden Finland Iceland U.S. Norway United 2 Canada Kingdom Russia Ire land Ukraine France Kazakhstan Mongolia Spain Nor th Korea 3 Kyrgyzstan United States Por tugal Turkey Ta jikistan Afghanistan Morocco Tunisia Iraq IKraunwait Nepal BhutBaanngladesh South Japan Mexico CubHaa iti Dominican Republic WSaehsaterran Algeria Libya Egypt SAaruadbiiaBahrainQUantaiterd PakIinstdaina China HongK ToKa roeiwnaag n GuEal NtSeiacmlavaarlaadgour a BeliHzeo nduJaramsaicaVPe uneerGz touu yeRalainc ao Mauritania Mali NigNeigriear Chad SuEdraitnre a Ye OmmeAEn mraa nibrates BThuarmilaand Laos Philippines Costa Rica Suriname Ethiopia Djibouti Sri Lanka Cambodia Vietnam ColPoamnbaiam a F(Freranncche G) uiana 1 Central African USgoamnKdaealinaya Malaysia PNaepwu Ga uinea Ecuador Republic Rwanda Burundi Singapor e Democratic Republic Indonesia Brazil Ta nzania of the Congo Angola Mozambique Peru Malawi Zambia Bolivia Madagascar Zimbabwe Botswana Paraguay Namibia Australia Swaziland Chile South Africa Lesotho Uruguay Argentina New 2 Norway Zealand Sweden Estonia Denmark Latvia Russia Lithuania Netherlands Belgium Mauritania Belarus Niger Poland Antarc tica The Senegal Chad Ger ma ny Gambia Mali Czech GBiusisnaeua- Guinea BFausrkoi na Nigeria SwLiutzxeermlabnodu rg AuRsetpriuab lHicuSnlogvaaryk ia UkraMinoel dova Georgia Uzbekistan 3 Sierra Coˆte Romania Armenia Azerbaijan Leone D’Ivoire Slovenia Croatia Turkmenistan Ghana France Italy SMeornbtiean aengdro Turkey Liberia Benin Cameroon Bosnia and Bulgaria Togo Corsica Herzegovina Lebanon Syria Equatorial Guinea Sardinia The Former Iran Gabon Albania Yugoslav Israel Iraq 1 Republic Greece Republic of of the Congo Sicily Macedonia Jordan SIXTH EDITION S O C I O L O G Y [ ] T H E E S S E N T I A L S Margaret L. Andersen University of Delaware Howard F. Taylor Princeton University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Sociology: The Essentials, Sixth Edition © 2011, 2009 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Margaret L. Andersen and Howard F. Taylor ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means Senior Publisher: Linda Schreiber graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, Associate Developmental Editor: Dan recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, Moneypenny or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Assistant Editor: Erin Parkins Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior Editorial Assistant: Rachael Krapf written permission of the publisher. 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Content Project Manager: Cheri Palmer Creative Director: Rob Hugel Library of Congress Control Number: 2009936913 Art Director: Caryl Gorska ISBN-13: 978-0-495-81223-4 Print Buyer: Linda Hsu Rights Acquisitions Account Manager, Text: ISBN-10: 0-495-81223-4 Roberta Broyer Rights Acquisitions Account Manager, Image: Wadsworth Don Schlotman 20 Davis Drive Production Service: TBC Project Management Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA Text Designer: Riezebos Holzbaur Design Group Photo Researcher: Kelly Franz Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with Copy Editor: Jane Loftus offi ce locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Illustrator: Macmillan Publishing Solutions Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local offi ce at Cover Designer: Lee Friedman www.cengage.com/global. Cover Image: © Michael Christopher Brown/ Corbis Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. Compositor: Macmillan Publishing Solutions To learn more about Wadsworth, visit www.cengage.com/wadsworth Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com. D E D I C AT I O N To Richard and Pat, with love Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09 B R I E F C O N T E N T S 1 Part One INTRODUCING THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION 1. The Sociological Perspective 3 2 Part Two STUDYING SOCIETY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE 2. Culture and the Media 25 3. Doing Sociological Research 55 4. Socialization and the Life Course 73 5. Social Interaction and Social Structure 101 6. Groups and Organizations 127 7. Deviance and Crime 151 3 Part Three SOCIAL INEQUALITIES 8. Social Class and Social Stratifi cation 179 9. Global Stratifi cation 211 10. Race and Ethnicity 235 11. Gender 263 12. Sexuality 289 4 Part Four SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS 13. Families and Religion 313 14. Education and Health Care 345 15. Politics and the Economy 371 5 Part Five SOCIAL CHANGE 16. Population, the Environment, and Social Change 401 This page intentionally left blank C O N T E N T S PART ONE Introducing the Sociological Beliefs 36 Values 36 Imagination Cultural Diversity 37 Chapter 1 Dominant Culture 38 Subcultures 39 The Sociological Perspective Countercultures 40 3 Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism 40 What Is Sociology? 4 The Globalization of Culture 41 The Sociological Perspective 5 The Mass Media and Popular Culture 42 Discovering Unsettling Facts 7 The Organization of Mass Media 42 Debunking in Sociology 7 The Media and Popular Culture 43 Establishing Critical Distance 9 Race, Gender, and Class in the Media 44 The Signifi cance of Diversity 10 Theoretical Perspectives on Culture and Defi ning Diversity 10 the Media 46 Society in Global Perspective 12 Culture and Group Solidarity 47 Culture, Power, and Social Confl ict 47 The Development of Sociological Symbolic Interaction and the Study of Culture 48 Theory 13 Cultural Change 49 The Infl uence of the Enlightenment 13 Classical Sociological Theory 14 Culture Lag 50 Sociology in America 17 Sources of Cultural Change 50 Theoretical Frameworks in Sociology 18 Chapter Summary 52 Functionalism 18 DOING SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: Tattoos: Status Risk or Status Symbol? 30 Confl ict Theory 20 Symbolic Interaction 20 UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY: The Social Meaning of Language 34 Diverse Theoretical Perspectives 21 WHAT WOULD THEY SAY NOW? Classical Theorists on Hip-Hop! 49 Chapter Summary 22 A SOCIOLOGICAL EYE ON THE MEDIA: The Blogging Culture 51 DOING SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: Debunking the Myths of Black Teenage Motherhood 8 Chapter 3 UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY: Become a Sociologist 10 Doing Sociological WHAT WOULD THEY SAY NOW? Classical Theorists Refl ect on the War in Iraq 15 Research 55 CAREERS IN SOCIOLOGY 22 The Research Process 56 Sociology and the Scientifi c Method 56 PART TWO Studying Society and Social Research Design 57 Structure The Tools of Sociological Research 63 The Survey: Polls, Questionnaires, Chapter 2 and Interviews 63 Participant Observation 65 Culture and the Media 25 Controlled Experiments 66 Content Analysis 67 Defi ning Culture 27 Historical Research 67 Characteristics of Culture 28 Evaluation Research 68 The Elements of Culture 31 Language 31 Norms 34 v vi Contents Research Ethics: Is Sociology Chapter 5 Value Free? 68 Social Interaction and Chapter Summary 70 Social Structure 101 A SOCIOLOGICAL EYE ON THE MEDIA: Research and the Media 60 What Is Society? 102 STATISTICS IN SOCIOLOGY 64 Macro- and Microanalysis 102 DOING SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: A Cop in the Hood: Participant Social Institutions 103 Observation 70 Social Structure 104 What Holds Society Together? 104 Chapter 4 Mechanical and Organic Solidarity 104 Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft 105 Socialization and the Life Types of Societies 105 Course 73 Preindustrial Societies 106 The Socialization Process 74 Industrial Societies 107 Postindustrial Societies 109 The Nature–Nurture Controversy 76 Socialization as Social Control 76 Social Interaction and Society 109 Conformity and Individuality 77 Groups 109 The Consequences of Socialization 77 Status 110 Agents of Socialization 78 Roles 111 Everyday Social Interaction 112 The Family 78 Interpersonal Attraction 114 The Media 79 Peers 79 Theories About Analyzing Social Religion 80 Interaction 116 Sports 81 The Social Construction of Reality 117 Schools 81 Ethnomethodology 117 Theories of Socialization 82 Impression Management and Dramaturgy 118 Psychoanalytic Theory 82 Social Exchange and Game Theory 119 Social Learning Theory 83 Interaction in Cyberspace 120 Functionalism and Confl ict Theory 84 Symbolic Interaction Theory 85 Chapter Summary 124 Growing Up in a Diverse Society 87 DOING SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: Doing Hair, Doing Class 120 Aging and the Life Course 88 [ seeing society in Childhood 88 eevveerryyddaayy lliiffee Adolescence 88 Adulthood 90 Age and Aging 91 Social Interaction in an Age Rites of Passage 95 of Technology 122 Resocialization 96 The Process of Conversion 97 The Brainwashing Debate 97 Chapter 6 Chapter Summary 98 Groups and Organizations 127 UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY: My Childhood (Bong Hwan Kim) 75 Types of Groups 128 DOING SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: Children’s Understanding Dyads and Triads: Group Size Effects 129 of Race 89 Primary and Secondary Groups 129 Reference Groups 131 In-Groups and Out-Groups 132 Social Networks 133 vii Contents Social Infl uence in Groups 134 A SOCIOLOGICAL EYE ON THE MEDIA: Images of Violent Crime 167 The Asch Conformity Experiment 135 UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY: The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison 171 The Milgram Obedience Studies 135 The Iraqi Prisoners at Abu Ghraib: Research Predicts Reality? 137 Groupthink 137 PART THREE Social Inequalities Risky Shift 138 Formal Organizations and Chapter 8 Bureaucracies 139 Social Class and Social Types of Organizations 140 Bureaucracy 141 Stratifi cation 179 Bureaucracy’s Other Face 141 Problems of Bureaucracies 142 Social Differentiation and Social The McDonaldization of Society 144 Stratifi cation 180 Diversity: Race, Gender, and Class in Estate, Caste, and Class 181 Organizations 145 Defi ning Class 182 The Class Structure of the United Functional, Confl ict, and Symbolic Interaction: Theoretical Perspectives 146 States 183 Layers of Social Class 187 Chapter Summary 147 Class Confl ict 189 DOING SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: Sharing the Journey 130 Growing Inequality and the Distribution of Wealth and Income 190 Chapter 7 Diverse Sources of Stratifi cation 194 Deviance and Crime 151 [ seeing society in Defi ning Deviance 152 eevveerryyddaayy lliiffee Sociological Perspectives on Deviance 152 The Medicalization of Deviance 154 Social Inequality 184 Sociological Theories of Deviance 155 Functionalist Theories of Deviance 155 Confl ict Theories of Deviance 159 Social Mobility: Myths and Realities 195 Symbolic Interaction Theories of Deviance 161 Defi ning Social Mobility 196 Forms of Deviance 164 The Extent of Social Mobility 196 Mental Illness 164 Class Consciousness 196 Social Stigmas 164 Why Is There Inequality? 197 Substance Abuse: Drugs and Alcohol 165 Karl Marx: Class and Capitalism 197 Crime and Criminal Justice 165 Max Weber: Class, Status, and Party 198 Measuring Crime: How Much Is There? 166 Functionalism and Confl ict Theory: The Continuing Organized Crime 169 Debate 199 Corporate Crime and Deviance: Doing Well, Poverty 202 Doing Time 169 Who Are the Poor? 202 Race, Class, Gender, and Crime 170 Causes of Poverty 204 The Criminal Justice System: Police, Courts, Welfare and Social Policy 206 and the Law 172 Terrorism as International Crime: Chapter Summary 208 A Global Perspective 175 DOING SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: The Fragile Middle Class 193 A SOCIOLOGICAL EYE ON THE MEDIA: Reproducing Class Chapter Summary 175 Stereotypes 197 WHAT WOULD THEY SAY NOW? Classical Theorists Refl ect on School WHAT WOULD THEY SAY NOW? Classical Theorists Reflect on Social Shootings 158 Class and Sports 201 viii Contents Chapter 9 Diverse Groups, Diverse Histories 246 Native Americans: The First of This Land 247 Global Stratifi cation 211 African Americans 248 Latinos 249 Global Stratifi cation 212 Asian Americans 250 Rich and Poor 212 Middle Easterners 252 Global Networks of Power and Infl uence 215 White Ethnic Groups 252 Race and Global Inequality 216 Attaining Racial and Ethnic Equality: Theories of Global Stratifi cation 217 The Challenge 254 Modernization Theory 217 The White Immigrants Made It: Why Can’t Dependency Theory 218 They? 254 World Systems Theory 219 Segregation and the Urban Underclass 255 Consequences of Global Stratifi cation 221 The Relative Importance of Class and Race 256 The Civil Rights Strategy 256 Population 221 Radical Social Change 258 Health and Environment 222 Affi rmative Action 258 Education and Illiteracy 223 Gender Inequality 223 Chapter Summary 260 War and Terrorism 223 DOING SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: American Apartheid 255 World Poverty 225 UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY: Race and Hurricane Katrina 257 Who Are the World’s Poor? 226 Women and Children in Poverty 227 Chapter 11 Poverty and Hunger 227 Causes of World Poverty 229 Gender 263 Globalization and Social Change 230 The Social Construction of Gender 264 Chapter Summary 231 Defi ning Sex and Gender 265 DOING SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: Servants of Globalization: Who Sex Differences: Nature or Nurture? 265 Does the Domestic Work? 216 Gender Socialization 267 UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY: War, Childhood, and Poverty 228 The Formation of Gender Identity 267 Sources of Gender Socialization 270 Chapter 10 The Price of Conformity 272 Race, Gender, and Identity 272 Race and Ethnicity 235 Gender Socialization and Homophobia 274 The Institutional Basis of Gender 274 Race and Ethnicity 236 Gender Stratifi cation 275 Ethnicity 236 Sexism and Patriarchy 275 Race 236 Women’s Worth: Still Unequal 276 Minority and Dominant Groups 239 The Devaluation of Women’s Work 279 Racial Stereotypes 240 Balancing Work and Family 280 Stereotypes and Salience 240 Theories of Gender 281 The Interplay Among Race, Gender, and Class The Frameworks of Sociology 281 Stereotypes 240 Feminist Theory 282 Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism 241 Gender in Global Perspective 283 Prejudice 241 Discrimination 242 Gender and Social Change 284 Racism 243 Contemporary Attitudes 284 Theories of Prejudice and Racism 244 Legislative Change 285 Psychological Theories of Prejudice 245 Sociological Theories of Prejudice and Racism 245
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