Sociology of Health, Healing, and Illness PDF
Preview Sociology of Health, Healing, and Illness
2 EIGHTH EDITION THE SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH, HEALING, AND ILLNESS Gregory L. Weiss Roanoke College Lynne E. Lonnquist Mary Baldwin College 3 First published 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009 Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retri eval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notices: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text (or on page 437). ISBN: 9780133803877 (pbk) Cover Designer: Suzanne Behnke Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Weiss, Gregory L. The sociology of health, healing, and illness / Gregory L. Weiss, Roanoke College, Lynne E. Lonnquist, Mary Baldwin College.—Eighth edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-13-380387-7 (alk. paper) 1. Social medicine—United States. 2. Medical ethics—United States. 3. Medical care—United States. I. Lonnquist, Lynne E. II. Title. RA418.3.U6W45 2014 362.1—dc23 2014001406 4 Contents PREFACE CHAPTER ONE A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH, HEALING, AND ILLNESS Definition of Medical Sociology Historical Development of Medical Sociology Sociology’s Contribution to Understanding Health, Healing, and Illness The Role of the Medical Sociologist in the Twenty-First Century Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Questions References CHAPTER TWO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE A Brief History of Medicine Early Humans The Egyptian Civilization Greek and Roman Societies The Medieval Era Medicine in the Renaissance Medicine From 1600 To 1900 The Ascendancy of Medical Authority in America Perspectives on the Ascendancy of Medical Authority Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Question References CHAPTER THREE SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY The Work of the Epidemiologist The Epidemiological Transition Life Expectancy and Mortality 5 Infant Mortality Maternal Mortality Morbidity Disability Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Cases References CHAPTER FOUR SOCIETY, DISEASE, AND ILLNESS The Social Etiology of Disease The Interrelationship of Proximate Risk Factors and Fundamental Causes: The Case of Developing Countries The Influence of Genetic Transmission on Disease and Illness Cardiovascular Diseases Cancer HIV/AIDS Alzheimer’s Disease Mental Illness Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Case References CHAPTER FIVE SOCIAL STRESS Definition of Stress Historical Development of the Stress Concept A Model of Social Stress Stressors Appraisal of Stressors Mediators of Stress: Coping and Social Support Stress Outcomes The Role of Social Class, Race, Sexual Orientation, and Gender in Social Stress Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Case 6 References CHAPTER SIX HEALTH BEHAVIOR The Concept of Health Health Behavior Describing Individual Health Behaviors Explaining Health Behavior Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Cases References CHAPTER SEVEN EXPERIENCING ILLNESS AND DISABILITY Stages of Illness Experience Stage 1: Symptom Experience Stage 2: Assumption of the Sick Role; Illness as Deviance Stage 3: Medical Care Contact/Self-Care Stage 4: Dependent-Patient Role Stage 5: Recovery and Rehabilitation Experiencing Chronic Illness, Impairment, and Disability Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Questions References CHAPTER EIGHT PHYSICIANS AND THE PROFESSION OF MEDICINE The Profession of Medicine The Social Control of Medicine The Number, Composition, and Distribution of Physicians in the United States Female Physicians Physician Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction Physician Impairment: Stresses and Strains of the Physician Role Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Case 7 References CHAPTER NINE MEDICAL EDUCATION AND THE SOCIALIZATION OF PHYSICIANS The History of Medical Education Modern Medical Education The Medical School Experience: Attitude and Value Acquisition The Medical School Experience: Stress The Medical School Experience: Career Choices Future Directions in U.S. Medical Education Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Case References CHAPTER TEN NURSES, MID-LEVEL HEALTH CARE PRACTITIONERS, AND ALLIED HEALTH WORKERS Evolution of Nonphysician Health Care Practitioners Nurses and the Field of Nursing Mid-Level Health Care Practitioners Allied Health Workers The Health Care Team Relationships Among Health Care Workers The Changing Environment Among Health Care Workers Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Question References CHAPTER ELEVEN COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE The Meaning of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Scientific Medicine and Alternative Healing Complementary and Alternative Healers Chiropractic Acupuncture Spiritual Healing and Christian Science 8 Ethnic Folk Healing Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Case References CHAPTER TWELVE THE PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP: BACKGROUND AND MODELS Models of the Physician—Patient Relationship Key Dimensions of the Physician—Patient Relationship The Current Move to Patient-Centered Car The Influence of Social Class, Race, and Symptomology on the Physician—Patient Relationship The Influence of Gender on the Physician—Patient Relationship Patient Satisfaction With Physicians Patient Compliance With Medical Regimens Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Case References CHAPTER THIRTEEN PROFESSIONAL AND ETHICAL OBLIGATIONS OF PHYSICIANS IN THE PHYSICIAN– PATIENT RELATIONSHIP The Approach of Medical Ethics Truth-Telling as an Issue Confidentiality as an Issue Obligation to Treat Patients with Highly Contagious Diseases Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Cases References CHAPTER FOURTEEN THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM OF THE UNITED STATES Rating the U.S. Health Care System The U.S. Health Care System The Financing of Health Care in the United States Explanations for the High Cost of American Medicine 9 America’s Uninsured Population Historical Efforts to Reform the Health Care System Health Care Reform of 2010: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Case References CHAPTER FIFTEEN HEALTH CARE DELIVERY Hospitals Freestanding Ambulatory and Surgical Sites Nursing Homes Hospices Home Health Care Summary Health Care on the Internet Discussion Case References CHAPTER SIXTEEN THE SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF ADVANCED HEALTH CARE TECHNOLOGY Societal Control of Technology Health Care Technology The Right to Refuse or Demand Advanced Health Care Technology Organ Donation and Transplantation Assisted Procreation Summary Health on the Internet Discussion Case References CHAPTER SEVENTEEN COMPARATIVE HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS Major Influences on Health Care Systems Health Care Services in Developing Countries Types of Health Care Systems China 10
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